Unequal and Unethical Treatment of Women in the Middle East

History shows many instances of discrimination and unequal rights for women. Women have been looked down upon and been abused by men in many different countries and cultures. There is a history for inequity of women, especially domestic violence and abuse. These dilemmas have been going on for the many years in the past, and are still going on today, especially in Middle Eastern countries. One major aspect of the situation of abuse towards women is involved with marriage. In many Middle Eastern countries, it is common for parents to arrange or even force a marriage, and for the children to have no say in it (Child Brides). I believe that this is a large part of the cause for aggression and abuse against the women. In an†¦show more content†¦Here in Gaza men are supposed to be providers. The siege, the strikes, in one way or another they affect all households in Gaza - poverty, hunger, homelessness. Men are really frustrated. They sometimes take it out on the ir wives.† In Gaza, however, there are few places for a woman to run. â€Å"There are no shelters here. Just clinics where women can get comfort, advice or anti-depressants - more often than not, without theirShow MoreRelatedReligion Values, and Culture Identity Development Essay3014 Words   |  13 Pagesgiving unequal treatment to followers of different religion (or those who hold different religious believes) in matters of law, education, rights, occupation etc. It is a way of depriving certain individuals of their rights just because they adhere to different religion or set of beliefs .E.g. in south India, Hindus discriminate against the Christians because many people are turning away from Hinduism and are converting into Christianity. So here the Hindus are trying to give unfair treatment to ChristiansRead MoreFemale Genital Mutilation and Its Ethical Issues5699 Words   |  23 Pagesviolated by Female Genital Mutilation 16 The Rights of the Child 17 III FINDINGS AND INTERPRETATION 19 What Female Genital Mutilation is 19 Why Female Genital Mutilation is Controversial 19 Why Female Genital Mutilation is Unethical 21 IV CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 22 BIBLIOGRAPHY 23 Chapter I INTRODUCTION Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting (FGM) is practiced in so many countries in Africa and Asia. FGM is a deeply rooted social and cultural requirementRead MoreBusiness Ethics: Child Labor in Wal-Mart8552 Words   |  35 Pagesthe right of employees. Unethical labour practices including low labour wages, child labour, unequal pay and treatment, unsafe working environments, racial, gender and sexual discrimination. Based on Immanuel Kant’s theory, everyone should have sense of duty and right thing to do (McNutt, 2010). Thus, as a responsible corporation, management should comply and do right by its stakeholders especially toward employees, suppliers and local community such as ensured fair treatments and proper benefits givenRead MoreWomen Employment in India7222 Words   |  29 PagesGENDER DISCRIMINATION (Women employment in China and India) Sunida Singh Expo36@gmail.com 082 WE FORGET TO TAKE A PHOTO TOGETHER ^ ^ TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction3 Gender discrimination4 Global Women Employment6 Women Employment in China†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦11 Women Employment in India14 * Labor force trends amp; legislation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 * Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16 * Changing Work Place†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 Successful case to promote women employment AVON ChinaRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesHartman Strom, Political Woman: Florence Luscomb and the Legacy of Radical Reform Michael Adas, ed., Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by MichaelRead MoreNature of Strategic Management13243 Words   |  53 Pagesis normal, our stomachs quiver at the prospect. But for strategists and managers today, there is no choice but to change. ROBERT WATERMAN, JR. If business is not based on ethical grounds, it is of no benefit to society and will, like ail other unethical combinations, pass into oblivion. C. MAX KILLAN If a man take no thought about what is distant, he will find sorrow near at hand. He who will not worry about what is fat off will soon find something worse than worry. CONFUCIUS It is human natureRead MoreGp Essay Mainpoints24643 Words   |  99 Pagesimproving Not everyone has access to the Internet to begin with †¢ Computers, mobile devices such as phones can connect to Internet †¢ Suggest an increasingly wired world †¢ Restricted to developed countries, and particularly, those in the middle or upper classes †¢ No access to World Wide Web (irony in the name). While Africans (arguably most underdeveloped continent) have relatively infrequent access to book and illiterate, but written word has greater penetration there than broadbandRead MoreAreas of Knowledge of Hrm11342 Words   |  46 Pagesassociation - discipline and disciplinary action - Labour and retirement. Definitions of Industrial Relations Industrial Relations is the designation of a whole field of relationship that exist because of the necessary collaboration of men and women in the employment. – Dale Yoder (1972). Industrial Relations defined as the complex of interrelations among workers, managers and government – Dunlop John (1958). Industrial Relations refer to a set of relations arising out of the employer employeeRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesOverview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/Counterpoint Lost in Translation? 31 Questions for Review 32 Experiential Exercise Workforce Diversity 32 Ethical DilemmaRead MoreHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 Pagessharing, which has resulted in up to three weeks additional pay in profit sharing bonuses in some years. The test of the change is in the results. GE Fanuc’s revenue is up women employees, who composed about three-fourths of the bank’s workers. As a result, several years later about one-fourth of all managers and executives are women. Similar attention also was focused on other diverse groups of employees. So that all employees were given opportunities to grow and learn, the Bank of Montreal’s Institute

The Health Problem Surrounding Type 1 Diabetes - 2334 Words

This paper will discuss and critically analyze the health problem surrounding Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) among the population. The findings of this paper will be summarized about the epidemiological concepts, the natural progression, and the treatment that can be provided for this pandemic issue. Current statistics and resources will be implemented throughout this paper. In addition, the Best Practice Guidelines will be analyzed and implemented in order to provide effective care for those who are undergoing this specific health complication. Search Strategy A thorough research of the existing literature regarding Type 1 Diabetes was conducted. The search engines used were: EBSCO Host, ProQuest, Canada Context and CINAHL. The key†¦show more content†¦Specifically, the prevalence rate of Type 1 Diabetes has targeted about 10-15% of individuals that have diabetes (Deshpande, Harris-Hayes, Schootman, 2008). Since Type 1 Diabetes is more prevalent in children and adolescents, statistics state that the incidence rate will increase by three percent annually those who are 14 years old and under. This will not only affect Canada, but specifically worldwide (JDRF, 2009). Additionally, the mortality rate of this health issue the mortality rate in Canada has been stated to be one of the top three out of all countries, with 18 deaths oer 100,000 population. Lastly, due to diabetes related complications the morbidity rate will increase substantially Discussion Etiology/Risk Factors In recent studies, Diabetes type 1 has been scientifically linked to a chronic autoimmune disorder. The immune system attacks the beta cells, in the Islets of Langerham, located in the pancreas. This leads to the insulin producing cells to be destroyed and damaged, which ultimately ends up with very limited blood glucose or no insulin production at all. This disease has been linked to genetic mutations, as there are about 18 regions on the human genome that have been linked to Diabetes type 1. They may contain several genes that allow for this dysfunction to take place, which are IDDIM1-IDDM18 (Bailey Molnar, 2013). The most studied is the IDDIM1, which contains the HLA genes that decode immune

Jack Kevorkian Free Essays

I think that one of the biggest miscarriages of Justice that I witnessed in my lifetime was that of Dr. Jack Kevorkian receiving a 10 to 25 year sentence for wanting to help end the suffering of a helpless human-being. Dubbed â€Å"Dr. We will write a custom essay sample on Jack Kevorkian or any similar topic only for you Order Now Death† by the media frenzy that followed the actions of the controversial physician, he received this sentence for helping to end the life of 52 year old Thomas Youk. who was fighting a hopeless battle with Lou Gehrig’s disease. Dr. Kevorkian set up his â€Å"suicide machine† In order for the person to knowllngly and voluntarily disperse the chemical concoction that would end the suffering of the victim his family. Although Dr. Kevorkian assisted In the death of 35 people, It was the Thomas Youk case that brought national attention and thus the wrath of the criminal Justice system of the state of Michigan. Similar to phsyclan-sulclde Is the Issue of both voluntary and Involuntary active euthanasia. Both of these Involve carrying out the death of another human being, who either knowingly or unknowllngly makes that decision. What makes the case of Dr. Kevorkian different is that he met with all of his patients and recorded the fact that they were coherent and able to make their own decision about the ending their life. I am guessing that when the Thomas Youk story aired on 60 Minutes in 1 998, it brought national scutiny and a mockery of the laws in the eyes of the Michigan criminal justice system. I wanted to better understand this concept the particulars about this case and what the overwhelming public opinion on the topic was nationally and within the state of Michigan. Thomas Young had been suffering for years with Lou Gehrig’s diesease, a slow killing disease that eventually takes al dignity away from the individual. In recent months he had been losing major parts of his lung functions and been choking on his own salive. This man, together with his family, made a conscious decision to end the suffering that came with this terrible disease. Many members of his family spoke in support of Dr. Kevorkian at the trial and during the sentencing producure. Youk’s brother Terry said † Kevorkian was the only person with the â€Å"courage and fortitude to defy those indequate and unjust laws. According to the article nearly 2 to 1 Michigan residents supported the law banning this type of action by a physican an this Is pretty close to the national level regarding this topic. According to our text â€Å"A survey of 988 terminally ill patients found that 60. % said they they supported euthanasian or physician-assisted suicide In general, but only 10. 6% reported seriously considering it for themselves† (Rathus, p. 397) I think this goes to show that despite the fact that many people support It, they are reluctant to pursue It for many types of reasons. I Imagine that one of the most popular reasons Is linked to relglous faith and how that would be viewed In the eyes of God. I guess everyone has their personal opinion on the matter and Ilkewlse should have their personal choice on how to die with dignity without putting a further emotional and financial burden upon their family. I never understood that as a society we can be considered humane by putting an animal to death if it is dealing with a terminal disease, but when this same type of thought comes to people, the attitude drastically changes. Dr. Kevorkian served 8 years of this sentence for what I view as a total injustice Schiavo case, where she was left on life support for many years, causing a legal battle between her family and her husband have brought many â€Å"end of life† issue to the forefront. I am an advocated for personal choice on many matters and I certainly would have to agree with Dr. Kevorkian, Thomas Youk, and the many other people he elped to die with dignity. I think that the major mistake that Dr. Kevorkain made was his willingness to bring this topic to national media. Although this brought attention to the topic at hand, it also aggravated the authorities of the state where her performed the physician-assisted suicide. Another aspect of the Youk case that makes it unique is that Dr. Kevorkain actually started the â€Å"suicide machine† because Youk could not physically do it because of his illness. This minor detail made the case more Justifiable in a legal manner since he actually initiated the chemicals to flow in to Youk’s body. How to cite Jack Kevorkian, Papers

International Trade Policies Of Campaign 2000 Essay Example For Students

International Trade Policies Of Campaign 2000 Essay I. IntroductionAlthough international trade policy has not been one of the major points of debate in this years presidential race, determining the role which the United States will play in the rapidly expanding global market will be a fundamental issue for the next administration. The next president will be forced to deal with a number of important, and in many cases delicate problems, that may change the direction of international trade for the next century. Among these, is the acceptance of China into the World Trade Organization (WTO). The United States has taken a leading role in pushing for the admittance of China into the WTO, but there have been technical problems, preventing the deal from being closed. Of concern also, will be the demands of developing nations, who wish to reach a more equitable trading relationship with the industrialized countries. (Economist) It will be the responsibility of the next president to find working solutions to these dilemmas. The two major party candidates this election cycle are Republican Governor George W. Bush of Texas and Democratic Vice President Al Gore. The two share similar positions within some aspects of foreign trade policy, but differ significantly on others. II. International Trade Policy of Vice President Al GoreVice President Gore is an advocate of free trade. His support for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which created an open market system between Canada, Mexico and the United States, was the key reason it was passed into law on January 1, 1994 (North American Free Trade Agreement). He believes that open markets spur technological innovation on a worldwide scale, and create tremendous growth and job opportunities domestically (Voter). In a speech delivered to the Washington Council on International Trade, Vice President Gore remarked that foreign barriers to trade hurt the people they were intended to protect, at the cost of American jobs. An example of this is the European Unions import ban on hormone-treated beef produced in the United States, which sent the livestock industry reeling for several months (Economist). Gore insists that his administration will focus on opening the European and Japanese markets to genetically-modified farm products, in addition to fighting against other foreign trade barriers. The Vice President does support labor and environmental standards for our trading partners, however. His said the following in a speech delivered to the World Economic Forum: ?As we open the doors for global trade wider than ever before, we want to build a trading system that includes strong safeguards for workers, for health and safety and for a clean environment.? Gore went on to say that trade with developing nations should be linked to established labor and environmental standards and that, if safeguards are not in place and met, the market should not remain open. Vice President Gore plans to use the WTO as his platform for addressing international trade policies and standards. He is in favor of modernizing the organization and making it more open and accessible to developing nations. At the next round of WTO meetings, Gore proposes detailed discussions regarding labor and environmental safeguards and ways to deal with nations, potentially involving sanctions, which fail to meet the standards (Voter). Gore was in favor of granting China permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) and has been a key player in pushing for their accession to the WTO. He believes that accepting China as a strategic trading partner enables the United States to politically and economically reform China, while reaping the rewards trading with China has to offer (Groombridge, Voter). III. International Trade Policy of Gov. George W. BushGov. Bush supports unilateral free trade. He believes that the entirety of the Western Hemisphere, from Alaska to Cape Horn, should exist with no trade barriers, in essence, incorporating Central and South American nations under NAFTA. Such an arrangement, Gov. Bush believes, will add to the approximately 12 million export related jobs that currently exist in the United States (Bush). The governor adheres to the belief that there should be no link between trade policies and labor and environmental standards. He advocates the United States involvement in working with our trading partners to improve their policies rather than imposing sanctions against them. He does however, support the International Labor Organizations efforts toward labor reform and the WTOs provision that permits member nations to ban prison labor (Bush). .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e , .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e .postImageUrl , .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e , .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e:hover , .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e:visited , .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e:active { border:0!important; } .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e:active , .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u03f15ae47d43ad5a7c591a39bbba2f2e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Lennie and Charlie EssayIn regards to China, Gov. Bush believes that they should be viewed as a competitor, but should be granted all normal trading provisions (Voter, Bush). In a speech to Boeing employees in Everett, Washington, Bush criticized Chinas policy towards Taiwan, but stated that it imperative to maintain normal trade relations with China in the hopes of opening the country to democratic change. Furthermore, he states, it would be detrimental to the American economy to not participate in a normal trading relationship with them. Governor Bush also advocates ?fast-track? legislation. This law, in effect for 25 years before being defeated by Congress in 1998, gives the president full authority to negotiate trade policy for the United States. The governor says he would use this power to work on eliminating the trade barriers existent within the Western Hemisphere, while using the WTO to open markets in developing nations and the rest of the world (Fast Track, Bush). IV. ComparisonVice President Gore and Gov. Bush agree on a number of important aspects regarding international trade. First, both realize the benefits of an open market system, while recognizing the pitfalls of trade barriers and restrictions. Second, both the Vice President and the Governor intend to leverage the power of the WTO to open up markets in developing nations, in an effort to expand their economies and potentially democratize their political systems. Finally, while there is a difference in the naming of the relationship with China (the Gore administration will refer to them as strategic-partners while Bushs would call them competitors), Messrs. Gore and Bush believe that it is in the nations political and economic interests to maintain permanent normal trading relations with them. The two candidates differ sharply on the issue of linking trade to labor and environmental policies. Vice President Gore argues that sanctions should be used against nations with unfair labor laws or industrial policies that do damage to the environment. He advocates working with the WTO to set standards for developing nations to follow, in order to participate in the international marketplace. Offering a contrasting view, is Gov. Bush, who believes that the United States and WTO should work with nations utilizing unfair or damaging policies, and help them improve their situation. He states that labor and environmental policies should not be tied to trade. Furthermore, he argues, sanctions should not be used to force adherence to international trade regulations. The candidates positions on the labor and environmental standards place them in opposition on the issue of Central and South American admittance to NAFTA. While Gov. Bush would work to gain Latin American countries acceptance into the agreement using Fast Track legislation, Vice President Gore would insist on tighter control over the regions labor and environmental protections. V. ConclusionOn the issue of international trade, the candidates share much common ground. But while they are similar in many ways, they differ on one key issue: sanctions against countries that fail to comply with international standards. One only needs to look across the Gulf of Mexico to see Cuba, and its leader, Fidel Castro, to understand the folly of economic sanctions. For five decades the United States has maintained economic sanctions against Mr. Castro and the Cuban people, in the hopes of fostering the process of democratization. All to no avail (Peters)If the United States hopes to effect change in developing nations, it must take an active role in keeping the trading market open, while working closely with them to build up and improve their political and economic climate. It is for this reason, that Gov. Bush has the superior policy on international trade. Economics

Six Essay Writing Tips to Impress Your Professor

Six Essay Writing Tips to Impress Your Professor So, youre a journalism student and you want to know how to impress your brand new professor. Maybe youve never written journalistically before. Maybe youve been writing essays and stories since you were in high school, but you dont know how to make your mark in college. Believe me, Ive been there. And, let me tell you, it doesnt take much effort to make a good first impression. Why? Because youre reading this article, for one thing. That means you care about your career. You care about making your essays count. And that gives you a distinct edge over the competition. By the way, we have essay helper online. But is it enough? After reading this article, Im going to guess yes. Below are six tips to writing better that many college students forget to use. Master all six, and youll be well on your way to making a positive impression. 1. Do more research than necessary Always, always, always do more research than you have to do. Audience members love statistics and so do your professors. It shows that youre willing to do the work. Gone are the days when journalists had to spend their afternoons in the library to find charts that backed up their findings. Welcome to the new age. Log into a computer, type in a few keywords, and youre ready to go. One thing to remember, though, when youre sifting through hundreds of data options. Use .org or .gov sources whenever possible. There are severe penalties when websites of these domains are inaccurate, and youll be able to stand your ground if a statistic you print is proven wrong. Also, keep track of the bibliography you use and be sure to identify them in your story. 2. Include quotes from higher-ups If youre working on a piece for your professor, try to do more than the average student would do. Instead of interviewing students in the choir program, interview the director. Instead of interviewing an employee at a local store, interview the manager or the owner. The higher up youre willing to go, the more promise you show as a reliable, go-getter type journalist who isnt afraid to ask the right questions from the right people. 3. Pay attention to typography I cant even begin to tell you how few journalists take advantage (or even know about) typography. Its all about the font you choose, and how you place it. Unless youre in a graphics course, youre probably going to be faced with limited options. All you really have to do is match your headline, your deck, your captions, and your body copy. I would highly suggest researching the difference between serif and sans-serif. Using sans-serif typefaces in your headlines and decks is usually key, while using serif typefaces in your body copy and your captions makes it easier for the reader to follow along. Again, close attention to this kind of detail will make your work look professional and your stories seem well-considered. 4. Read your pieces out loud before submission Ive emphasized this a hundred times, and Ill push it again. Read your work out loud before you turn it in. Whether youre submitting your piece to an editor or a professor, theyre going to call you out for basic grammar and spelling mistakes. Too many students write a sloppy copy and turn it in. Dont be that person. In fact, I would say not being that person will put you ahead of fifty percent of the kids in your class. And thats just a rough estimate based on my experience in college. 5. Go above and beyond This has pretty much been the theme of this article. Go above and beyond for your work. Interview the higher-ups. Talk to more than one person. Make your story layout interesting and unique. Pay attention to typography. Go the extra mile. All of these things will help you push the boundaries of your work, and theyll also entice you to be a more productive journalist after you graduate. These are all good habits to get into, so make sure you give it a try. 6. Stick to a strict word count Journalism professors hate long, rambling stories that miss the point of being, well, a story. Set a strict word limit for yourself based on the amount of information and interesting quotes you have. A decent word count for a top-notch story is 500-600 words. Sometimes, featured articles can be as long as 1500 or 2000 words. But you arent usually creating major pieces like that for introductory courses. A blurb shouldnt be longer than 200-300 words. This is all going to depend on the column space youre given, especially if youre on a newspaper staff. The point is, make a little space go a long way. Thats what our job is all about. Good luck!

Free Essays on Friendship

The definition of friendship is as subjective and diverse as the people of this world. Each person has a relationship with another person and that relationship is unique to that combination. Friendships grow and change as each individual will, and the definition of friendship grows and changes with each progressive relationship. When I was very young, I had been told not to talk to strangers. Although I understood the potential for danger, I couldn’t help thinking that I might be letting someone important slip by if I didn’t extend my friendship. In church, I would peek my head over the pews and smile at one or two of the people standing there. Most of the people would smile back at me, and I don’t think there was a better feeling in the world. There I was, maybe two or three years old, and I was capable of making adult friends without using a single word. Sunday after Sunday I would try out my smile on new people or launch it without thinking to the familiar faces. Back then, my definition of friendship was broad enough to include the relationship I had with anyone at all who might smile at me. Later, in grade school, it became more difficult to get and keep friends. At the time, I felt I was the only one experiencing sudden shifts in the tide, but as I reflect on my early friendships, I think that each of us as young people are subjected to the fickle nature of children who are defining and redefining friendship, experimenting with identity and imagining themselves, almost daily, as a different person. We defined ourselves by dress and speech as well as by our cliques and acquaintances, so our friends were often accessories to our moods. Hearts were broken, but most of the time they were also quickly healed. Few people stood out as committed companions. They were the ones who managed to fluctuate mood and identity in tandem, and so were able to accompany each other on the journey to identity. In high school, ... Free Essays on Friendship Free Essays on Friendship The effect of friendship Although, others may disagree in the matter of the importance of friendship may have on someone’s life. Notice that when we make friends with people that often we don’t get the last name to. It seems unimportant and most only catch the first name, nor remembers such. It may seem trivial at the time but can end up being crucial later. Such as, this may cause hurt feelings even remembering birth dates and special moments that you share to be forgotten as though they are nothing is one of the many things in friendship that is often seen occur. The main focus on this is how well do you truly know your friends and how well do they know you understanding one another’s needs should be fairly easy if you truly care for one another. Friendship is a two way street and it appears to be often one of the great many things we tend to take for granted, but some believe that this is how friendships are supposed to be! However, forgetting last names (often called name-dropping), for when they are intentionally forgotten. For instance; anything from divulging a secret that is meant to be kept, to dating one of your best-friends past lovers can make primary cause for a fight. Going back to being taken for granted; when one is always prompt and can be supportive of plans and events that are scheduled in advance. However; they are as most people say now a days, â€Å"blown off† and often the ones that take this to heart is the people whom is never get credit for their efforts. This can lower ones self worth and feeling of morality towards themselves. Something’s that lead to this to turn into a major issue is the fact that they often go unnoticed and are â€Å"swept under the rug,â€Å" so to speak. Perhaps; worse, yet they go never at all are they acknowledged by anyone? Becoming soul dependent upon those that are supposedly your friends in this can lead to low self-esteem. In which an action is taken agains... Free Essays on Friendship A writer once said â€Å" A real friend is someone who is one walks in when the rest of the world walks out.† In A Separate Peace, Gene jounced the limb so his friend Finny could fall and get hurt. There could have been many reasons but there really is one could it be that Gene was jealous of Finny. There can be many reasons why Gene pushed Finny out of the tree maybe one reason would be that Gene was jealous of Finny because he was more popular and he was good at sports. In John Knowels A Separate Peace, he described many reasons that Gene would Jounce the limb so Finny could fall. This accident would ruin their friendship and then they wouldn’t be the same. â€Å" I jounced the limb. I caused it. I deliberately jounced the limb so you would fall.† Gene told Finny that he did it on purpose he couldn’t hold it back anymore. He felt guilty for what he had done and Gene had to tell finny the truth. What really happened? Now Finny is confused because ho doesn’t know why his best friend would do something like this. â€Å" Everything that had happened through out the day faded like that first fall snow fall of the winter. Phineaus was back.† Gene was mad because finny came back and all the popularity that Gene had gotten all went to Finny. This would ruin their friendship because Gene was mad and he wanted to feel like he was wanted and popular. When Finny came back Gene felt as if Finny stole all of the popularity away from him. â€Å" Sports are finished for him after an accident like that.† This would also hurt their friendship because Finny played sports and now that he can’t play sports he doesn’t know what to do. Since Gene caused the accident to Finnys leg Finny would be mad at him for ruining his sports life. But Finny would also be mad at Gene because Gene had the smarts and didn’t have to try hard in school to get a good grade and Finny would have to try really hard to even break a c. â€Å" A real ... Free Essays on Friendship I know I am just beginning my teen years, but one thing I have already learned is people can talk after you. Then the problem starts. I have lots of friends but I don’t like them all. The reason is they talked after me and I cant trust them. On the first day of school I earned new friends. We shared our secrets and laugh together. But I realize that it wont continue. They were closer to me because they wanted me to tell them some secrets that I know about someone else. They were behaving very nicely to me, but she wasn’t thinking like that and talked behind my back s. When I understood this I got very angry. I trusted her; she was very good friend of mine. I didn’t talk to her. She was surprised, and asked me what had happened. I talked to her, and asked her why she did she talk after me. She couldn’t answer and went away. She broke my heart. After this experience (This was an experience for me) I was too careful not to trust to wrong person. The days passed. She apologized from me and we are good friends now. Of course I couldn’t forget what had happen to me, but she promised that she will never talk after me again. I want to give you advice. You have to choose your friends very carefully, because friendship is one of the most important things in your teen years. They affect your life very much. You have to now the value of true friends and you mustn’t broke their heart. So please be careful when you’re choosing your true friends. Don’t break their heart and NEVER LEAVE THEM!... Free Essays on Friendship Philosophy Writing for LES MISERABLES Victor Hugo ¡Ã‚ ¯s novel LES MISERABLES is an example of literary Romanticism. Marius Pontemercy courted Cosette from afar, and won her affections with a love letter. Marius crafted his persona with words, representing and embodying himself in a letter, and he gave this letter to the woman he loved, in the hopes that she would see the depth and sincerity of his love. In Marius ¡Ã‚ ¯s love poem to Cosette, he compared her to a shining star. The next evening, they both declared their love as "disembodied spirits," even forgetting at first to tell each other their names. Hugo gave away his views on certain subjects in his writing. He sought compassion for the poor and reform for the prison by creating characters that touched the hearts of the readers, and which encouraged them to change. LES MISERABLES is Victor Hugo's epic novel of love and honor. The protagonist, Jean Valjean, is an ex-convict, who has spent nineteen years in prison for stealing a loaf of bread for his starving family, as well as for repeated escape attempts. He vows to become an honest man after being saved from a second arrest by M.Myriel. Later he falls in love with a doomed prostitute, Fantine. At her untimely death, Valjean promised to raise her daughter Cosette, all the while being hunted by the policeman Javert. An older Cosette falls passionately in love with Marius, a charismatic young soldier. Jean Valjean's quest for redemption reaches its climax when he chooses to sacrifice his freedom in order to save Cosette's love. Jean Valjean is a virtual saint in the novel.... Free Essays on Friendship There are lots of different people who enter our lives, but only certain individuals can actually form true friendships. Many times, friends are people who are supportive and provide unconditional help. Encouragement also exemplifies an important aspect of real friendship. Most importantly, friends are people who have true moral values that not only reflect on themselves, but also on their surroundings. Proper friendship develops on the basis of various aspects that define a good and caring person. A good and true friend depicts someone who is supportive and always lends a helping hand. Since decisions play a big role in everyone’s life, friends are there to give advice and facilitate the decision. For instance, if a teenage girl is going through certain difficulties such as peer pressure and is forced to make a decision that might be detrimental to her, she will almost certainly seek the advice of someone supportive. Regardless of the difficulty of any given situation, a helpful and caring companion like a friend will assist the teenage girl in making the proper decision. Being there to help enhance another individual’s life by being supportive is the essence of friendship. There are many individuals whose weakness lays in their lack of self-confidence. These individuals struggle in making the right decisions, and as a result turn to a good friend who is able to present the proper encouragement and self-assurance needed. For example, if an insecure man has an amazing talent to write and is aware of a writing contest that can win him a lot of money, he will most likely try to seek the encouragement of a good friend. Knowing that a lack of self-confidence is in the way of a great opportunity for the man, a friend will infuse the assurance needed to make the right decision. Helping someone succeed by making him realize his own capability is another great aspect of friendship. Since, influence is a major part of every person’... Free Essays on Friendship There are many kinds of people, that have many different backgrounds. Everyone is unique and special in their own way but one thing that everyone has in common is friends. There isn’t one person who doesn’t have at least one friend. It is human nature to want to interact with other people. There are many kinds of friendships but all friendships must have love, respect and honesty without these things there isn’t really a friendship. Love in a friendship is a major part of that friendship. Being there when a friend needs help shows the love for that friend. When a friend is upset they expect someone to come to their rescue and cheer them up. Love is unconditional even if the friendship doesn’t last their will still be love for that old friend. Respect is not invading the other person’s territory. If they need some space let them have some space. A real friend would never get involved with another friends significant other. Never walk away from a friend just because they have a big problem and have asked for help. Listen to what the friend has to say and never give advice to early. They might take it to heart. When a friend comes over crying because they have just gotten into an argument with a family member they just want an ear to listen and a shoulder to cry on. Wait to give advice until the friend has cooled of from the situation. Honesty is something that every friendship needs in order to keep the friendship. If the friendship lacks honesty there isn’t really a friendship at all. If friends can’t trust each other with their money then how are they going to be able to trust each other with their secrets. A person has to be true to themselves before they can be honest with another person. In the long run being honest to a friend is the best advice someone can give. The truth is the best way to solve any problem. A f... Free Essays on Friendship The definition of friendship is as subjective and diverse as the people of this world. Each person has a relationship with another person and that relationship is unique to that combination. Friendships grow and change as each individual will, and the definition of friendship grows and changes with each progressive relationship. When I was very young, I had been told not to talk to strangers. Although I understood the potential for danger, I couldn’t help thinking that I might be letting someone important slip by if I didn’t extend my friendship. In church, I would peek my head over the pews and smile at one or two of the people standing there. Most of the people would smile back at me, and I don’t think there was a better feeling in the world. There I was, maybe two or three years old, and I was capable of making adult friends without using a single word. Sunday after Sunday I would try out my smile on new people or launch it without thinking to the familiar faces. Back then, my definition of friendship was broad enough to include the relationship I had with anyone at all who might smile at me. Later, in grade school, it became more difficult to get and keep friends. At the time, I felt I was the only one experiencing sudden shifts in the tide, but as I reflect on my early friendships, I think that each of us as young people are subjected to the fickle nature of children who are defining and redefining friendship, experimenting with identity and imagining themselves, almost daily, as a different person. We defined ourselves by dress and speech as well as by our cliques and acquaintances, so our friends were often accessories to our moods. Hearts were broken, but most of the time they were also quickly healed. Few people stood out as committed companions. They were the ones who managed to fluctuate mood and identity in tandem, and so were able to accompany each other on the journey to identity. In high school, ...

What role should the media play in a democratic society What might Essay

What role should the media play in a democratic society What might prevent the media performing this role in Britain today - Essay Example The role of the media in any democracy is a concept that dates way back to the 17th century. The media was referred to then as the fourth estate, and today is being seen more as the fourth arm of government after the executive, the legislature and the judiciary. The media is being increasingly viewed as an integral part of democracy which the latter cannot function properly without (Lichtenberg, 1991, 21). The media of course refers to all the means of mass communication including the press, radio, television and lately the internet (Oxford English Dictionary). It is the means by which mass communication has been attained, sometimes instantaneously, for a long period of time. The media continues to shape dispersal of information, opinion and attitude formation today as it has done for over three centuries (Lichtenberg, 1991, 23). This paper sets out to describe the role that the media should play in a democratic society and factors that may prevent the media from playing that role in modern day Britain. The media plays the primary role of a watchdog and guardian of the public interest in the conduct of public affairs. It is also an important conduit of information between the governors and the governed (Coronel, 2010, 1). This means that there would literally be a breakdown of communication between the governors and the governed without the media. The governors have a tendency to communicate to the public only that which they believe is fit for public consumption and holding back the truth whenever it suits them. The media comes in handy in such situations to expose the information that the governor would wish to sweep under the carpet in order to avoid public disapproval or embarrassment. In this way the media performs two important basic functions (Center for Democracy, 1999, 3). The first role is to ensure that citizens make informed choices by getting access to relevant, truthful and relevant information on issues that directly or indirectly affect their li ves. This cannot be possible if they are only subjected to information the government feels it can relay to them. IF they only rely on official sources to gain access, they are likely to act on the basis of ignorance or misinformation, which inevitably leads to the wrong choices (Center for Democracy, 1999, 3). Secondly, proper conveyance of information serves as a check on leaders to watch their excesses in the form of corruption, exploitation or even crime. Officials tend to act in their self interest even if such interests go against the law and their oaths of office, if nothing is done to check their conduct. This watchdog function of the media is therefore important in ensuring that the leaders only make those decisions that are in the public interest rather than serving only their parochial whims (Center for Democracy, 1999, 3). In order to play its role effectively the media particularly focuses on important facets of governance, the economy, public education, infrastructural and social development, internal and international relations, human interest issues, public discussions, peace and consensus building and control of their own internal operations. Without balancing these important tenets, the media itself may become a victim of its own parochialism or pettiness that puts its operations within reproach (Lewis, 2005, 70). On governance the media has been known to play a great role in putting governors in constant check. This is mainly done through investigative reporting. Journalists usually do their best, sometimes at great risk to life and limb, to expose issues that are otherwise covered up by the leadership. Such issues include involvement in shady and corrupt deals (Lewis, 2005, 72). In the UK such investigations by the Telegraph in 2009 revealed the involvement of members of parliament in false cash claims of expenses and allowances to the exchequer which resulted in loses of substantial amounts of tax payers’ money (The Daily Telegraph) . This resulted in the resignation of several legislators, sackings, de-selections and

Slavery and the Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Slavery and the Constitution - Essay Example Thomas Jefferson, a former president of the United States did not support slavery. He considered slavery as a breach of the laws of the nature (Beamount 4). Jefferson had taken actions that he thought would end servitude and slavery. One of his moves was the drafting of the law in Virginia in the 1700s. These laws forbid the transportation of African slaves. He started plan for slower redemption of slaves by indicated that after certain period they would go free. However, regardless of his labors Jefferson found himself retaining slaves. He was not successful and died before implementing his decisions. President Lincoln was another person who advocated for the elimination of slavery. During the civil war, Lincoln issued a liberation proclamation. This order advocated for the release of many slaves that were subjected to the acts of slavery and servitude. Other people such as the spiritual leaders were in opposition to slavery (Finkelman 18). They found that the act were against their sacred teachings. They thus made moves that helped to end slavery. Most people in the south, especially owners of plantations wanted the prolongation of slavery because they benefited from the labor that the slaves offered. Even the white southerners who did not own plantations felt that the abolition of slavery would have led to decline of their economy. The southerners had commenced to incorporate slavery and assumed that they had the right to own slaves. Most southerners thought that slavery plus servitude should proceed. The criticisms of slavery by people who were against it led to a need of constitution amendment. Various leaders including President Lincoln had pressed for the changes of the constitution. Religious leaders also contributed by preaching the negatives of slavery. They advocated for immediate changes of the constitution to end the sufferings that slaves went through

The Efficient Market Hypothesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

The Efficient Market Hypothesis - Essay Example This form of hypothesis shows that it is impossible for an individual to outperform a market by using any type of information that is known in the market except through good luck. The information or news that deals with the Efficient Market Hypothesis states that anything can affect the prices of the traded assets and the effects realized in the future trading period of a company. It has been noted that on average, competition makes the full effect of the new information that consists of intrinsic values to be reflected immediately on the actual prices of the traded assets. The investors in most cases check for the securities that have been undervalued and those whose value would increase in the future so as to make a concise decision on how to carry out their operations within a stipulated period of time. An efficient market is a market that is considered to have many people in the market who are informed about the existence of the stocks and are ready to maximize profits through carrying out the business activities. The market thus shows the prices of different goods and services in the market and relevant information concerning the activities as well as the events that may be taking place within a stipulated period of time. ... The technical analysis involves the process of searching for the recurrent and the predicable patterns that are in the stock prices so as to increase the returns of an organization. Where past prices do not contain any useful information for predicting the future prices, then, there is no use of using this form of technical trading rule within an organization. Fundamental analysis is another form of analysis that involves the use of earnings and the dividend prospects of a firm, the expectations of the future interest rates and the evaluation of the risk factors to determine the right prices of stocks. Efficient Market Hypothesis therefore predicts that the fundamental analysis may fail anytime of the year. The Efficient Market hypothesis theory states that it is impossible to outperform a market since the prices are already incorporated and can reflect on all the relevant information that is required. In case an investor engages himself or herself in the business of buying or selling securities, then this is termed as a game of chance and not of skill. There are some instances where the markets are efficient and they have current information. In this case then, we have the prices reflecting information that does not show how to buy the stocks at a bargain price. The stocks should therefore be traded at fair values on the stock exchange so that the investors may not purchase the stock at an under price or even sell them at inflated prices (Teweles, Jones, and Warwick, 1998: 113). In case this procedure is followed, then, the market cannot be outperformed through using the expert stock selection or the market timing process and in this case only the investor can be in a position to obtain

Impact of Social Exclusion on Physical and Mental Health

Impact of Social Exclusion on Physical and Mental Health Impact of social exclusion to physical and mental health of Australian children Dian Atiqah Binte Lokman O.Mahat 1.0 Introduction For the purpose of this paper, the various physical and mental health impacts of social exclusion will be discussed, with specific focus on the health of Australian children. The concept of social exclusion has become one of the widely recognised framework for understanding, measuring and addressing poverty and disadvantages in multidimensional level (Harding, McNamara, Daly and Tanton, 2009). Social exclusion is one of the many social factors that contribute to the social determinant of health. Australian children are at risk of child social exclusion with the spatial differences in areas of high social exclusion risk that are common in Australia’s rural and regional balance, and in clusters of outer areas in most of Australia’s capital cities(Harding, McNamara, Daly and Tanton, 2009). Physical and mental health implications resulting from social exclusion will be discussed in relation to social acceptance. 2.0 Social Exclusion as a Determinant of Health for Australian Children According to the British Social Exclusion Unit, ‘social exclusion is what can happen when people or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime, poor health and family breakdown’ (Office of the Deputy Prime Minister,2004,p.2). People have a fundamental need for positive and lasting relationships. With the evolution of history, human develops the trait of belonging that enables individuals to gain acceptance and avoid rejection. As belongingness is a core component of human functioning, social exclusion influences many cognitive, emotional, and behavioural outcomes and personality expression. (DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011) Social exclusion in the school environment is increasingly being recognised as a form of relational aggression or bullying, in which a child is exposed to harm through the manipulation of their social relationships and status (Edith Cowan University, 2009). There are many form of social exclusion such as experiences being deliberately excluded from a peer group, rumours spread about them, name calling and being purposefully embarrassed. Hence, social exclusion defies a lack of connectedness, participation, alienation or disenfranchisement from certain people within the society. Based on a Social Policy Research Centre (SPRC) survey results, 1 in 6 children live in households experiencing social exclusion; experiencing four or more of the nine indicators of no week’s holiday away from home each year, children did not participate in school activities and outings, no hobby or leisure activity for children, no medical treatment if needed, no access to a local doctor or hospital, no access to a bulk-billing doctor, does not have $500 in emergency savings, could not raise $2000 in a week in an emergency and lives in a jobless household (Saunders and Naidoo, 2008). Many range of studies done by the Commonwealth of Australia Senate Community Affairs Reference Committee in 2004 shows disadvantaged children in Australia and the impact of poverty on indicators including health education and health, and the social and economic implications of poverty (Harding, McNamara, Daly and Tanton, 2009). 3.0 How Australian Children are affected through social exclusion Children that experience disadvantages suffer from negative effects throughout their life course (Saunders, Naidoo and Griffiths, 2008). Those who are consistently teased or ostracized, or are always the last ones chosen for the team; people who make fools of themselves in public presentations, or are ridiculed by superiors; and individuals who are put down, criticized, or rejected by relationship partners or because they possess devalued characteristics or social stigmas often experience social evaluative threat (SET), which occurs when the self could be negatively judged by others (Dickerson Kemeny, 2004). This leads to social pain- the emotional response to the perception that one is being excluded, rejected or devalued by a significant individual or group (MacDonald Leary, 2005) which produces specific physiological responses, including changes in the cardiovascular, neuroendocrine and immune systems (Dickerson, 2008 ; Dickerson, Grunewald Kemeny, 2004) Racial, ethnic, and cultural minority students are at greater risk than others of encountering disadvantages in school (Kaspar, 2013). In Australia and New Zealand, 11-13% of Indigenous youth reported school-based victimization in the Western Australian Aboriginal Child Health Survey (WAACHS; Zubrick et al. 2005), the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey (NATSISS; Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS), 2010), and the Youth 2007 Survey (Clarke et al., 2009). School-based victimization is contemporaneous with, and antecedent to negative peer group conditions, including peer rejection, fewer friendships, poor quality of friendships, and perceptions of peers as hostile, untrustworthy and ill-intentioned (Salmivalli Isaacs, 2005). Based on an Australian survey, Indigenous youth were more vulnerable to emotional health difficulties due to bullying than were non-Indigenous students bullied (Blair et al., 2005). These social evaluative events that induce social pain are capable of eliciting intense emotional and physiological responses as well. Accessibility to geographical and workforce supply also contributes to the variation of child health outcome. Inequalities in health arise because of inequalities in the conditions of daily life under which we are born, develop into young children, grow into teenage years and adulthood, and live into old age (Chittleborough, Baum, Taylor Hiller, 2006; Marmot et al., 2010; WHO, 2008). High social exclusion risk are found in rural, regional areas and clusters in outer areas of Australia’s capital cities (Harding et al, 2009; Tanton et al., 2010). These reduces the opportunity for intervention and prevention of long term consequences of social deprivation on health (WHO, 2008). 4.0 Impacts of Social Exclusion on Physical and Mental Health for Australian Children The stress of belonging to a socially excluded group can have an adverse affect on mental health. Prolonged stress raises the body’s levels of cortisol and lowers immune system functioning. Chronic stress related to racism and discrimination have been linked to diabetes, cardiovascular and other diseases. Modern evidence indicates that a lack of social connectedness relates to poorer immune system functioning, poor sleep quality, increased total peripheral resistance and increase risk of death (DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011). Research suggests that the physical, emotional and mental health of children exposed to social exclusion can be compromised. Children who have been socially excluded influences a variety of outcomes, including lower immune function, reduced sleep quality, reduced ability to calm oneself in times of distress, reduced self-esteem, feelings of anxiety, depression, aggression, self-regulation pro-social behaviour, attentional processes and attitude formation. In extreme events of social exclusion, it causes a period of temporary analgesia, similar to how the body copes with severe physical injury which is both physical and emotional (DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011). Social exclusion affect the mental health of an individual that leads to aggression, anti-social behaviour, lack of self-control , negative attitude and need of attention. Social exclusion increased aggressive behaviour and hostile perception of other’s ambiguous actions (DeWall, Twenge, et al., 2009; DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011). Rejected people usually behave aggressively towards large group of people that could lead to mass violence (Gaertner et al., 2008). However, the aggression drops when they experience a sense of acceptance, social connection or regain a feeling of control with their surroundings (DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011).Those experiencing social exclusion will also be less willing to engage in pro-social action as they were not driven to behave prosocially without having a sense of belonging and acceptance from others. In a study done by (Baumeister, DeWall,Ciarocco Twenge, 2005; DeWall, Baumeister, Vohs, 2008) investigate a link that exist betw een social exclusion and self- regulation. When people experience social exclusion, the implicit bargain is broken, signalling to the excluded individual that controlling his or her impulses will no longer reap the benefits of acceptance which impairs their self-regulation (DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011). This could affect their performances when it is not linked with acceptance. Attitude plays a fundamental aspect in psychological processes. It shapes responses to create agreement with others, further emphasising on the importance of social connection that could not be achieved through social exclusion. Social exclusion also affects patterns of basic, early-in-the-stream cognitive processes that are linked to the desire for renewed affiliation of attention that could act as a building block for more complex social cognition and actions (DeWall, Deckman, Pond Bonser, 2011). Repeated or persistent exposure to social exclusion can cause individuals to experience social pain more often for longer duration which leads to more frequent or prolonged activation of the psychological systems which could lead to negative consequences such as increase in cardiovascular, neuroendocrine and immunological parameters.(Dickerson, 2011). These physiological responses maybe an important factor for determining the mechanisms through which social pain could ultimately influence health and disease (Dickerson, 2011). 5.0 Conclusion It is evident that childhood social exclusion can lead to ongoing intergenerational disadvantage and therefore it is important to identify the risk factors of such experiences and improve the pathways, opportunities and life chances of such children. Dynamic intervention of public policies and support from families are required to address the root causes of social exclusion in order to reverse the effects of social exclusion on the developmental, behavioural, and health outcomes in children. (1499 words) 6.0 References Blair, E.M., Zubrick, S.R., Cox, A, H. (2005). The Western Australia Aboriginal child health survery: fidnings to date on adolescents. Medical Journal of Australia, 183(8), 433-435 Chittleborough, C. R., Baum, F. E., Taylor, A. W., Hiller, J. E. (2006). A life course approach to measuring socioeconomic position in population health surveillance systems, Journal of Epidemiology Community Health, 60(11), 981-992 Clare, T. C., Robinson, E., Crengle, S., Grant, S,. Galbreath, R. A., Sykara, J. (2009). Youth’ 07: The health and well-being of secondary school students in New Zealand. Findings on young people and violence. Auckland, New Zealand: The University of Auckland DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D. (2008). Satiated with belonginess? Effects of acceptance, rejection, and task framing on self-regulatory performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1367-1382 Dewall, C. N., Deckman, T., Pond, R. S., Bonser, I. (2011) Belongingness as a Core Personality Trait: How Social Exclusion Influences Social Functioning and Personality Expression : Journal of Personality, Vol.79(6), pp.1281-1314 [Peer Reviewed Journal] Dickerson, S.S., Grunewald, T.L., Kemeny, M. E. (2004). When social self is threatened: Shame, physiology and health. Journal of personality, 72, 1191-1216. Dickerson, S.S. (2008). Emotional and physiological responses to social-evaluative threat. Social and personality Psychology Compass, 2, 1362-1378. Dickerson, S. (2011). Physiological responses to experiences of social pain. Social pain: Neuropsychological and health implications of loss and exclusion. , (pp. 79-94). Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, x, 258 pp. Edith Cowan University (2009). Australian Covert Bullying Prevalence Study, CHPRC http://deewr.gov.au/bullying-research-projects Gaertner, L., Iuzzini, J., O’Mara, E. M. (2008). When rejection by one fosters aggression against many: Multiple- victim aggression as a consequence of social rejection and perceived groupness. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 958-970 Harding, A., McNamara, J., Daly, A., Tanton, R. (2006). Child social exclusion: an updated index from the 2006 Census, Australian Journal of Labour Economics, v.12, no.1, 2009: 41-64 [Peer Reviewed Journal] Kaspar, V (2013) Mental health of Aboriginal children and adolescents in violent school environments: Protective mediators of violence and psychological / nervous disorders, Social Science and Medicine, Vol.81, pp.70-78 [Peer Reviewed Journal] Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2004), The Social Exclusion Unit, Office of the Deputy Prime Minister,London Salmivalli, C., Issacs, J. (2005). Prospective relations among victimization, rejection, friendliness, and children’s self- and peer- perceptions. Child Development, 76(6), 1161-1171 Saunders, P., Naidoo, Y. (2008), Towards new indicators of disadvantage: deprivation and social exclusion in Australia, Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales. Tanton, R., Harding, A., McNamara, J., Yap, M. (2010), Australian Children at risk of social exclusion: a spatial index for gauging relative disadvantage. Population Space and Place, 16(2), 135-150. WHO, (2008). Closing the gap in a generation: health equity through action on the social determinants of health. Final report. In Commision on the social determinants of health: Geneva: World Health Organisation Zubrick, S,R., Silburn, S. R., Lawrence, D. M., Mitrou, F. G., Dalby, R. B., Blair, E. M., et al. (2005). Summary report. The Western Australian Aboriginal Child health survey: Forced separation from natural family, relocation from traditional country or homeland, and social and emotional well-being of Aboriginal children and young people. Perth: Curtin University of Technology and Telethon Institute for Children Health Research. Lokman O.Mahat_Dian Atiqah_ 17289812 HHB 130 Discussion Paper

Raves :: essays research papers

Raves Imagine you are in your room and it’s about 1:00 in the morning. It’s pitch black outside and you’ve been lost for hours. There’s nothing good on the radio. You’re dying of thirst and you’re drenched with sweat. You’re just about to turn around and open your window for some fresh air and you hear it. The bass is in sync with your heartbeat and the lights are flashing everywhere. So you follow this music and you arrive at your destination: A rave. It is the vibe that is so commonly talked about within this culture. The dictionary defines "Rave" as: to utter in madness or frenzy; to say wildly; to rave nonsense, which makes you wonder why raves were ever called raves to begin with. Raves consist of about 300-6,000 kids aged to about 17-25. A big empty wear house, lights, a fog machine and a DJ. Every single rave has 1 type of music: techno with a lot of base. It's electronically created with a very fast-pace. Techno music has its origins in gay dance clubs. Hip-hop also has had a big impact on techno music. Rave dancing ranges from being highly choreographed and stylistic all the way to thrusting your body back and forth. Ravers say they lose themselves to the beat and become one with the music by letting the music control their movements. Someone once said: Techno was made not only to be played, but to be listened to loud†¦we are called not to listen, but to feel. How do you know when the rave is and where? Well flyers are put up. A flyer isn’t going to straight out say â€Å"RAVE!† you have to look for the secret messages only Ravers know. They do this to avoid the mainstream. A rave poster can be spotted by noticing that within the words that are on the poster, every E, X, and K, are capitalized. There are certain colors that the flyers will have on them. A lot of times there will be a cartoon character on it, or smiley faces and aliens. Now, I could do a whole paper on fashion. There are four classes of people grouped by what they wear not how much money you have or what kind of car you drive. The most common class is the â€Å"Candy Ravers† they are always female and have short hair that’s usually in barrettes or pigtails.

On the Sidewalk Bleeding

Jean De La Fontaine once said â€Å"Beware- so long as you live of judging men by their outward appearance,† and this idea is reinforced continually in the short story, â€Å"on the sidewalk bleeding† written by Evan hunter. The important idea was judgment and how we should not judge a book by it’s cover. I think this idea is worth learning about because too often in society we judge people without knowing them. The author wants to communicate that you should not prejudge somebody for their looks and consider what is inside of them first. In the short story â€Å"On the side walk bleeding† the author has employed many techniques such as symbolism to help convey the idea ‘Don’t judge a book by it’s cover’. The main symbol in this short story was the purple jacket with ‘The Royals† imprinted on the back which symbolized Andy’s loss of identity. Wearing the jacket meant that he was judged not as Andy but as a gang member in â€Å"The Royals†. He was not seen as his own person but judged based on those he associated with. This is shown when the couple noticed Andy lying helplessly on the ground, Freddie was prepared to help Andy but after he realized that he was a gang member, due to his fear and preconceived ideas, his willingness to aid Andy instantly perished, as he did not â€Å"want to get mixed up in this†. I found this interesting because the couple based all their opinions on Andy’s jacket and not for who he really was. Freddie and Angela’s response when discovering Andy as â€Å"A Royal† also interested me because no matter what group he is from or what type of clothing he wears, if somebody in front you is suffering from pain, it is a wise idea to call for help as it may result in their death if they fail to do so. I could not understand how these people could be so inhumane and cold because of their personal feelings towards a particular group. This showed me how the jacket symbolizes judgment and illustrates how society judge people without knowing them at all. I think this idea is worth learning about because we should not base our opinion on what people wear and whom they associate with. This should not be what defines them; it should be what is inside of them that counts. Another technique the author has used to portray the idea â€Å"Don’t judge a book by it’s cover† is though the use of characters. When the policeman discovered who Andy was at the scene his attitude changed, â€Å"A royal huh? † Regardless of what had happened to Andy and despite Laura’s insistence that â€Å"his name is Andy† the first thing he did was open up a blank page on his black pad and wrote down â€Å"A royal†. This clearly supports the idea that the police officer was judging Andy based on his jacket and therefore felt no pity or emotion towards him. He did not regard him as an individual and viewed him as just â€Å"A Royal†- a gang member who cause trouble and who is harmful to society. I found this extremely interesting and I think it is worth learning about because it shows that often people like the policeman in the short story can give up on seeking justice for a crime simply based on the judgment they make. This makes me think of all the crimes that may have gone unsolved simply because people have made incorrect judgments. The key message, which has been communicated in â€Å"On the sidewalk bleeding† was that, it is not enough to form an opinion on someone based on the way they look or who they mix with. What is inside and their personality is what really matters. It is important that person gets to know a person before making any prejudgments. Andy may have seemed like a typical gang member who trashes the town with bottles of alcohol and blood stains but in reality he is nothing more than an average sixteen year old boy who wants to marry the girl he loves and have a lot of kids and move out of the neighborhood. These people need to realize that Andy is also a human being and it is immoral to judge somebody for what they wear and who they hang out with. It interests me because as I read the story I realized that I often stereotype people for their outer appearances. If I saw somebody walking towards me with leather jacket on with images of skulls and tattoos all over their body, I would instantly react and stereotype them. However after reading Andy’s story due to stereotyping and prejudgments, I have become conscious of the fact that you should never judge the value of a person before you know about them well. It is their personality and what is inside that matters the most. Everyone should respect a person for who they truly are and not discriminate them for their outward appearances. It may turn out that the people you thought was () might turn out to be one of the nicest people you have ever encountered.

Now is the time to legalise cannabis in the UK.

Now is the time to legalise cannabis in the UK. Now is the time to legalise Cannabis in the ukIn July of last year the debate on whether cannabis should be legalised was rekindled by the Home Secretary, David Blunkett. He announced the reclassification of cannabis from a class B drug to a class C which is the lowest classification for an illegal drug and puts it on par with anti-depressants and steroids.The chronology of cannabis is thought to go back to 2737 BC where it was referred to as a "superior" herb in the world's first medical text, or pharmacopoeia, Shen Nung's Pen Ts'ao, in China and in c600 BC Zend-Avesta, an Indian scripture, speaks of hemps "intoxicating resin". Others have followed and in 1788 when the New Edinburgh Dispensatory was produced they omitted many exotic remedies such as "scrapings of an elephants tooth", "dust from the walls of a wrestling school" and, as a cure for malaria, "seven bed bugs in meat and beans", though cannabis remained.The Warrien Committee 50 years celebrationIt was thought, often with no justification, as having multiple uses such as easing the pain of earache and treating jaundice, and was recommended as it "consumeth wind and drieth the seed (semen)". (John Gerard. 1597)The only controls of medicine in the United Kingdom were provided by the pharmacopoeias which set quality standards for the preparation of drugs but in 1968 the Medicines Act was produced following the Thalidomide tragedy. It gave the Government the power to license pharmaceutical companies, individual products and clinical trials and also established the Medicines Committee and the Committee on the Safety of Medicines to advise the government on its new powers. Cannabis was still listed as a prescribed drug though it was rarely prescribed except to patients that were already drug abusers, and in 1971 its licence was revoked thereby prohibiting medical...

An American Coup essays

An American Coup essays The Gore versus Bush post-election was infinitely more exciting and significant than the actual contest. Who would have thought that such a boring and manipulated competition would culminate in an American style, Supreme Court-certified coup detat. It was seriously a coup. Something happened out of imagination. Al Gore is the elected President of the United States. He received 539,898 more votes than George W. Bush. But he does not sit in the Oval Office. How interesting. I think thats when POWER comes from, and having access to powerbomb you are right there in white house. Michael Moore calls the election of George W. Bush, An American Coup. He is totally right. With all of these powers, connections, and money Bush was able to take over the votes and sit where was belonged to Gore, and become the president of the United Sates. Ignoring right votes changed the solution. Bush didnt win the popular votes, but it didnt stop him from becoming president of the country. Fixing the presidential election was the next best step. All the predictions said the race was close with Bush enjoying a slight lead. A little rigging here, a little calling in some favors there and the deed would be done. The main objective in Florida was to screw the Blacks and Jews who would be voting for Gore. A lot of Blacks kicked off the voting rolls because they considered as felons. What a trick. Bush had something that Gore didnt have. He had the connection. He didnt win the votes from state of Florida, but he won his brother Jeb Bush governor of Florida. The law states that ex-felons cannot vote in Florida. That means 31 percent of all black men in Florida are prohibited from voting because they have a felony on their record. Harris and Bush knew that removing the names of ex-felons from the voter rolls would keep thousands of black citizens out of the voting booth. Black Flo ridians, ...

Apple Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Apple Company - Research Paper Example (Philip Kotler et al. 4). Apple has continued to provide high quality goods and it keeps attracting more people especially the younger generation. Historical background: Apple computers Inc. was started by Steve Jobs,  Steve Wozniak, and  Ronald Wayne. The Apple 1 computer kit was its first product which was designed and built by Steve Wozniak. In the years between1983 and 1996, Apple manufactured products like portable CD players and TV appliances but they were not able to capture the interest of the targeted consumers. In the 1990`s, Apple made an important decision by choosing not to license its technology and as a result Microsoft captured the market and Apple`s share of the worldwide market for personal computers declined to its lowest level. In 2007, Steve Jobbs changed the company`s name to Apple Inc. With the introduction of the iPod, in 2001, Apple started becoming popular. Its innovative and advanced products resulted in rapid growth and high sales. Apple spent a large amount on marketing campaigns in order to promote its products. In 2011, however, Apple suffered a great loss with the death of its co-founder and chief executive officer Steve Jobs Nature of the firm: The company started as Apple Computers which designed and built customer electronics, computer softwares and personal computers only. Then, Steve Jobs transformed it into Apple Inc. and its non-Pc devices started gaining popularity. The company has retail outlets in Japan, Europe, Asia, US etc. Its headquarters is in Cupertino, California. It is a company with competes with a large number of firms throughout the different industries it has entered till now. The target market for Apple includes home users, creative individuals from the younger generation, small and medium sized business etc. Its major competitors include IBM, Dell, Microsoft Windows, Samsung, Nokia etc. Apple`s marketing approach is one which focuses entirely on its customers. It focuses on emerging stronger and presen ting the global market with high-technology products. Products: IPod: This product of apple provided the customers to listen to digital music in a different way and it comes with a unique look. In 2003, Apple also opened the ITunes store. With its features like more storage, high sound quality, elegant design and moving large quantity data very quickly all these specifications made this product competitive in the market. Product’s different color like white makes this Apple device special. Ipad: Another apple product Ipad is the one product that brings you close to the things you love to do like reading a book, playing piano, listening to music or looking at your photos. It’s a new experience, one you have never imagined. Its elements like camera, wireless connection and display are even better Mac: Macbook is a full sized laptop with extremely low weight and uses SSD storage and Intel CPUs. It was the first subcompact laptop offered by Apple. Its updated model was rel eased in June`2012. Its major competitor is ultrabook by Intel. Most recently, Macbook Pro has been released by Apple Inc. Iphone: It includes a line of smartphones which was first released by Steve Jobs in 2007. The entire industry of smartphones was revolutionized through its introduction. The first ever iPhone was released in 2006 in 22 countries which could function as a portable media player, a video camera with

Personal Statement Apply to UK Universities (Postgraduate Degree) Essay

Personal Statement Apply to UK Universities (Postgraduate Degree) - Essay Example good grades he had received in his initial year of his undergraduate course and his continued studentship in the organization has been based on his good academic showing. We understand that his performance during his course was above average and placed him amongst the upper bracket of the students in his class. His language of instruction, which was English, was another asset for us. At the time of his studentship the organization was in the process of re-organizing its use of information and communication technology in its business activities. Mr. Janny ---- was given the responsibility of planning the required changes, implementing the required changes and evaluating the impact of the changes, under my guidance over the many years of his studentship with us. We are pleased to confirm his ability for planning changes, leading and executing the changes and evaluating the changes. The end result of these activities of his has been that we find effective use of information and communication technology in our business operations, particularly with regards to our international trading activities and our attempts at remaining competitive and expanding our markets. He had indicated that he would like to pursue a post graduate course in information and communication technology and we believe he has made the right choice taking into consideration his undergraduate program, abilities and aptitude. It was this desire of his and the discussions with him that made us provide him with an opportunity to experience the field of information communication and technology during his studentship with us. The work experience that he gained with us in revamping our use of information and communication technology should stand him in good stead during his post graduate course in information communication and technology at the London School of Economics and Political Science. It is our experience of his nature of working hard with diligence, abilities and his analytical and

Art histort 300-2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Art histort 300-2 - Essay Example † that started in New York, where individuals frequently interacted with each other, and share a common approach to making art, even when the appearance of their paintings diverged in many ways (Carr, n.d.). This common approach married the forms, purposes, colors, and shapes of Expressionism and Abstract Art. After World War II, a small group of American painters who lived in New York developed an artistic innovation (Carr, n.d.). They were called the â€Å"Rebel Painters of the 1950s† and included Jackson Pollock, Arshile Gorky, Willem de Kooning, Philip Guston, Adolph Gottlieb, Franz Kline, Robert Motherwell, Barnett Newman, Ad Reinhardt, Mark Rothko, and Clyfford Still (Carr, n.d.). These artists rejected both social realism and geometric abstraction, two leading strains in American art in the 1930s (Carr, n.d.). Abstract Expressionists focused on expressing elusive ideas and experiences. For Pollock, Gorky, and de Kooning, their subjects were autobiographical and came from their sheer need to paint and express themselves. In Gorky’s â€Å"The Artist and His Mother† paintings, they were often compared to Ingress for simplicity of lines and to Picasso for color and structure. Pollock is known for his abstract expressionist paintings, such as Number 1, 1950 (Lavende r Mist), where his subconscious seemed to have controlled the flow of action in the painting. de Kooning’s Woman V (1952-53) has Gorkys surrealist style and Picassos form and shape. Mark Rothko fluently described their Abstract Expressionist art: â€Å"Art was not about an experience, but was itself the experience† (Carr, n.d.). Abstract Expressionism developed in the social setting of the Depression era. During this time, artists like Gorky and de Kooning, for instance, lived near each other and became good friends (Carr, n.d.). de Kooning also befriended Rothko, Philip Guston and Barnett Newman (Carr, n.d.). The friendships and solidarity among the Abstract Expressionists were strengthened by

Mixed martial arts vs Traditional Martial Arts Essay Example for Free

Mixed martial arts vs Traditional Martial Arts Essay Fighting and violence is one of the biggest problems in society today. MMA, to many people, is only promoting this as a value, instead of an issue. Another battle that this bloody sport is fighting is for its own legitimacy. There are plenty of other sports that have some fighting, but no one questions the legitimacy of sports such as ice-hockey, in which there is a fight at least once a game, or football (Frisht n. pag. ). MMA is also a relatively new and has also taken a large step from where it started, having been illegal in all 50 states shortly after its institutionalization (Ramirez n. ag. ). And even at that, UFC is the only nationally legal organization for MMA. Not only is it fighting for its authenticity as a sport, but it is fighting for recognition as a martial art and fighting style, as well. Some specialists and fighters argue that it is a martial art all its own. Others argue that it’s nothing more than a rip-off of the greatest martial arts that have come before it. Finally, other, more secular people rationally conclude that it cannot be considered a traditional martial art at all and is barely acceptable as a sport. But this also puts these people in the perfect position to be attacked by a very simply answered question: Why can’t MMA be considered a traditional martial art? To begin, one of the biggest differences between MMA and traditional martial arts is the purpose for which they were developed. MMA, for example, was developed as nothing more than a style for cage-match entertainment. Traditional martial arts, however, were developed for a variety of different reasons, mainly self-defense. For instance, Jiu-Jitsu and Ninjitsu both derive from ancient Japan as a means for the people to defend themselves against the Samurai (Browning n. pag. ). Similarly, Tang Soo Do was developed in Okinawa and Southern Korea under ancient Japanese influence (Yi n. pag. ). Not only is the purpose of MMA something that sets it apart, it is a difference that sets the stage for several other staggering differences. To continue, purpose is intertwined with origins. Many traditional martial arts come out of the ancient oriental regions as means of self-defense due to the areas unsafe and sometimes unstable societal environment. Thugs, brutal imperial fighter, and common bandits all posed a threat to civilians and those who didn’t particularly fancy their emperors, such as the Okinawan farmers under the oppression of the imperial Japanese samurai (Frisht n. pag. ). A handful of traditional martial arts even boast origins in Brazil, such as the Brazilian variants of Jiu-Jitsu. MMA, however, comes out of America and Europe as a means of entertainment (Greene n. pag. ). Next, Style is the biggest difference between traditional martial arts and MMA. Traditional martial arts are very focused on detaining or incapacitating an attacker. Many traditional martial arts accomplish this by utilizing non-lethal locks and strikes. Traditional martial arts are also guided by morality and law. When faced with non-lethal force, only non-lethal force is permitted in return. When faced with a serious, but non-life-threatening situation, only an equal amount of lethality is permitted. MMA, on the other hand, is much more brutal and borderline senseless (Greene n. pag. ). Also, where traditional Martial Arts would seek to just incapacitate using locks, MMA seeks to go above and beyond the required force, relying on strength where traditionalists would’ve chosen technique. When, relying on strength as a sole asset in combat, as described by Master Bob Cameron, a fighter’s combat variables become very dependent on their opponent. If their opponent is stronger and strength is the only strategy they hold as an asset, loss is pre-determined. Technique, however, allows one’s variables to be much more independent of their opponent’s. Using technique over strength allows a martial artist to apply their whole body to ascertain one goal; it allows a fighter to turn their opponent’s own strength against them, using it in their favor (Cameron n. pag. ). At last, the final reason MMA cannot be considered a traditional martial art is its training style. MMA takes a very solo approach to training, as it is a solo sport. A lot of its training is based on punching, kicking, and striking an inanimate target. Martial arts, traditionally, however is trained in a group. This allows a martial artist to test, study, apply, and perfect a technique on another martial artist, which drastically affects and differs the applicability and effectiveness of the two styles. In a real-world scenario, MMA is not very realistic, due to its brutality and aggressiveness. Traditional martial arts, however, allow an artist to realistically and safely incapacitate an attacker (Greene n. pag. ). The realistic training styles of traditional martial arts allow it to be much more effective in combat. To conclude, MMA and traditional martial arts have more distinguishing differences than are calculable, the most distinguishing being purpose, origin, fighting and training styles, and applicability. Although, many take their side, those who argue that MMA is a traditional martial art are fighting an uphill battle in a mudslide due to their scarce and obvious lack of support. The differences between the two create a gorge miles wide with no bridge that may never have been meant to have been crossed. Furthermore, these staggering differences clearly prove that MMA cannot be considered a traditional martial art.

Background And Pathophysiology Of Schizophrenia Psychology Essay

Background And Pathophysiology Of Schizophrenia Psychology Essay Schizophrenia is a severe chronic psychotic disorder associated with the brain and is characterised by symptoms classified into three major categories; positive, negative and cognitive symptoms. Positive symptoms include hallucinations, delusions and thought disorder. Negative symptoms consist of social withdrawal and flattening of emotional responses. In addition to this, deficits in cognitive function such as attention and memory are also often present in schizophrenic patients together with anxiety and depression. (Rang, 2007); (Lewis J A Lieberman 2000) Studies have shown several neurotransmitter systems such as serotonin, glutamate and dopamine to be involved in processes leading to the expression of the symptoms experienced in schizophrenia. Among these, the dopamine theory has received the most attention and it will be the focal point of this research. Serotonin, an essential neurotransmitter, has its place in explaining schizophrenia by trying to explain the elements of the disorder which were initially unexplained. This consisted of the negative symptoms and the actions of antipsychotics. Its role was recognised in the 1950s when it was discovered how similar serotonin was to LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide). LSD causes psychotic symptoms as it competes with serotonin and occupies its receptor sites. Atypical antipsychotics as well as blocking dopamine receptors, also act as 5-HT receptor antagonists. This hypothesis was confirmed when typical antipsychotics were combined with a 5-HT2 antagonist such as ritanserin. This resulted in relief of negative symptoms and extrapyramidal side effects. (Sadock, 2000) Glutamate has also been implicated in schizophrenia. This hypothesis is derived from evidence using PCP, a glutamate NMDA receptor antagonist. Administration produces psychotic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in healthy subjects (Krystal et al. 1994) and negative cognitive symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. (Lahti et al. 1995) Phencyclidine, ketamine and dizocilpine, also glutamate NMDA receptor antagonists, provide psychotic symptoms in humans. Studies have also shown that there is reduction in glutamate receptor density and glutamate concentration in post-mortem brains of schizophrenic patients. (Rang 2007) The most common theory relating to schizophrenia is the dopamine one. The first formulation of the dopamine hypothesis suggests that excess mesolimbic dopamine is the reason for the positive symptoms. The evidence that this idea was based on included amphetamine abuse which increased synaptic dopamine leading to delusions (Laruelle et al. 1996) and that all antipsychotic drugs block dopamine D2 receptors. As this theory implied excess dopamine is responsible for positive symptoms, what is responsible for the negative and cognitive symptoms? Well, research has shown that negative and cognitive symptoms are the result of deficient dopamine in the pre fontal cortex due to D1 receptor dysfunction (K. L. Davis et al. 1991) There have been operational definitions of schizophrenia developed in an attempt the reliability of the diagnosis; The International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) and The American Psychiatric Associations Diagnostic and Statistical method (DSM-IV-TR) and both contain lists of criteria but also insist that symptoms must have persisted for 6 months. PICTURE Schizophrenia usually presents itself in late adolescence or in early adult life (Kirkbride et al. 2006) with males having an earlier onset than females. In the UK, the mean age of first admission is about 22 years for men and 27 years for women. (Castle R M Murray 1991)Females also tend to have fewer negative symptoms and a better outcome than males. According to leading experts in this disorder, they have found that it is caused my many factors. One major factor is genetics, and schizophrenia occurs in 10% of people who have parents, brother or sister (first degree relatives) with the disorder. People who have grandparents, cousins or aunts and uncles (second degree relatives) also develop this disorder a lot more than the general public. (Kendler et al. 1993) Most importantly, the risk is at its greatest for a person who has a twin with schizophrenia. (Irving Gottesman 1991) PICTURE Several genes are related with the risk of schizophrenia but previously it was believed there is no particular gene that is responsible for the disease itself. Studies have shown that people with schizophrenia also have many rare gene mutations which involve many genes and disrupt the development of the brain. However in recent times, new research has shown there may be several susceptible genes. One such gene is DISC1 which could be linked to the development and treatment of schizophrenia. DISC1 plays a key role in the growth of individual neurons. Mutated Disrupted in Schizophrenia (DISC1) gene is seen to disrupt the growth and development of cells in the brain. When DISC1 levels were reduced in mice, cells in the brain failed to divide and the mice developed symptoms that mimicked schizophrenia in humans. (REFERENCE IMPORTANT ONE) Other than genes, environmental factors are probably important in the development of schizophrenia. These include exposure to infections, immunocompromised, stress and being in contact with toxic chemicals during childhood may slightly alter brain development. (Marcel ET AL REFERENCE 1999) Chlorpromazine was the first drug discovered to have antipsychotic properties, followed by haloperidol which was widely prescribed. This is an example of typical first generation medications and produced D2 receptor blockade. By 1980, second generation atypical drugs were out, most notably clozapine which was seen to be more potent in treating chronic patients. These had the benefits of also reducing negative symptoms and extreme side effects. Pharmaceutical companies in the 1990s started to take advantage of clozapine and develop drugs without its side effects and olanzapine is another popular atypical drug. In 2005, there was a study done known as the CATIE study, in the USA, comparing the effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in clinical settings. It was seen that there were high rates of discontinuation; 64-82% over 18 months, due to patients not being able to tolerate side effects. Lack of efficacy was also found for all antipsychotic drugs in the study, although olanzapine was most effective (terms of discontinuation rates) than other drugs in the study. Despite this, olanzapine was associated with greater weight gain and increase glycosylated haemoglobin, cholesterol and triglycerides. These changes could have serious implications such as development of metabolic syndrome. (Jeffrey A. Lieberman et al. 2005) So why use or develop Chinese herb extracts as a therapeutic tool for schizophrenia? Although antipsychotic medication is still the foundation for the treatment in schizophrenia, it still leaves some people with unbearable side effects and distressing symptoms. The most common side effects are Parkinsonism, dystonia and akathisia and are most common with haloperidol and fluphenazine. (Schillevoort et al. 2001) (Levinson et al. 1990) Dystonic spasms affect the neck muscles tongue and face, and occur within a few days of treatment and are frequent at high doses. Akathisia is the restless leg syndrome and is characterised by great urges to move and difficulty in sitting still. Anti-cholinergic drugs can relieve these symptoms; they should not be given routinely as they also cause side effects such as blurred vision, constipation, dry mouth and euphoria. It is also important to remember that not all patients will get side effects from taking antipsychotics. Another long term side effect is tardive dyskinesia which is slow irregular movements particularly in the regions of the mouth, lips and protrusion of the tongue. Approximately 5% of the patients on antipsychotic medication developing this each year, but there is evidence that the incidence may be declining with increasing use of atypical antipsychotics. (Tarsy Baldessarini 2006) Due to the side effects, herbal medicines are commonly used for psychiatric purposes in both the developed and developing countries. (Walter Rey 1999) Studies have shown that some Chinese herbal medicines are effective for psychosis and that if used in conjunction with western medication, they enhance antipsychotic efficacy and reduce adverse effects. Another important aspect is that, Chinese herbs may be more accessible, acceptable and cheaper than drugs already available. Chinese herbal medication includes plants, fungi, resins, animal and mineral substances which are given within a formula which typically consist of 4 to 12 herbs. Administration is in the form of decoctions, pills, powders, tablets, phials and as standardized plant extracts. Chinese herbal medication has been known to treat schizophrenia for over 2000 years; although the methods used in Traditional Chinese medicine to diagnose and treat schizophrenia differs from that used in western medicine. In western medicine, it is usually diagnosed by criteria such as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) or the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) but in Traditional Chinese Medication, its diagnosed by the Chinese Classification of Mental Disorder (CCMD). Figure shows the difference between diagnosing and treating Schizophrenia using traditional and Chinese herbal medication Traditional Chinese medicine differentiates schizophrenia into syndromes which determine the course of treatment. Therefore if two people are to be diagnosed with schizophrenia could have different clinical features (syndromes) therefore will require different medications. Each syndrome has a specific herbal formulation, but patients typically have mixed clinical features therefore they require precise formulations made by adding or substituting herbs. (Rathbone et al. 2007) Hype or hope? Is there really a benefit of using Chinese herbs as a therapeutic tool of schizophrenia? There have been several clinical trials done using Chinese herbal medication in the treatment of schizophrenia. One of the earlier studies was done using Dang gui cheng qi tang as the herbal medication given to the treatment group without the addition of the antipsychotic chlorpromazine which the control group received. The setting was in a hospital and participants were divided into groups randomly. It was reported that no participants left the groups early and the result showed that the global state outcome not improved /worse favoured the control group receiving chlorpromazine. (Rathbone et al. 2007) These results should be treated with caution given design limitations such as it being only conducted for 20 days, but nevertheless do not support that herbal medication should be used by itself for the treatment of schizophrenia. Further research and trials have been done which has incorporated using herbal medication together with an antipsychotic versus an antipsychotic alone. In 1997, Chinese herbal medications Dang gui cheng qi tang or xiao plus an antipsychotic was given to a treatment group compared to just the antipsychotic given to the control group. The allocation was randomized, lasted for 12 weeks and included hospital as well as community setting. The result showed that the treatment group scored significantly lower for the outcome of global state not improved/worse than the control group. (Rathbone et al. 2007) Global data score from the Clinical Global Impression scale (a rating scale measuring severity of symptoms, treatment response and efficacy of treatment) also favoured treatment groups that took the herbal medication plus antipsychotic. Ginkgo biloba was used with an antipsychotic for the treatment group in 1996 (Rathbone et al. 2007) and Shui zhi and Da huang were used with chlorpromazine. There were side effects associated with taking antipsychotics and taking herbal medications with antipsychotics showed that extra pyramidal side effects still arose. Constipation was however lower in the treatment group. (Rathbone et al. 2007) In 2001, Zhang et al did a study giving a treatment group Ginkgo biloba with haloperidol with the control group only receiving the latter. When compared, the study showed there was no difference between treatment group and control group when comparing negative symptoms and also when looking at Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores. However, the scale of positive symptoms did marginally favour the treatment group. (Rathbone et al. 2007) For all studies done in the past, we have to be aware that application of Chinese herbal medication is based on syndrome differentiation with failure of applying this differentiation resulting in ineffective or harmful treatment. There is no concrete evidence that when given alone, Chinese herbal medications offer benefits which are equal or even greater than antipsychotic drugs. When the herbal drugs are used with antipsychotics, they may offer improvement in symptoms but as there is still limited evidence in regards to Chinese herbs and traditional Chinese medication, this approach must still be considered new and more investigation is needed. Stepholidine is an active ingredient of the Chinese herb Stephania intermedia Lo, and belongs to an alkaloid group tetra-hydroberberine. (S. X. Xu et al. 1989) Initial research had shown that Stepholidine decreased blood pressure without exerting any adverse effects on the heart as well as exhibiting analgesia and any sedating effects on the central nervous system. Recent studies have shown stepholidine to be a pioneering drug in the treatment of schizophrenia because it is a dopamine D1 receptor agonist and a D2 receptor antagonist. Due to the pathogenesis of this disease suggests the dysfunction of D1 receptors in the medial prefrontal cortex, which is accompanied by hyperactivity of D2 receptors in subcortical regions such as ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc), when developing a antipsychotic drug should possess dual agonistic and antagonistic actions on the receptor. Stepholidine and its analogues tick these two important boxes. Stepholidine acts through D1 receptors to increase adenylyl cyclase activity and subsequent signalling pathways regulated by adenylyl cyclase might be responsible for the physiological responses, including rotational behaviour and changes in the firing activity of the neurons induced by Stepholidine. By contrast, Stepholidine inhibits both D2 auto-receptor mediated feedback inhibition of dopamine containing neurons and D2 receptor mediated effects on target non dopamine containing neurons. (Guo-Zhang Jin et al. 2002) There are several symptoms related to schizophrenia and insomnia is one of the most common. This could be partly related to the over-activity of the dopaminergic system. There has been a study done to show whether stepholidine modulates sleep behaviours. This was done in mice and the sleep-wake profiles were observed. From this study it has been concluded that stepholidine significantly increased the amount of NREM sleep and prolonged the duration of NREM sleep episodes, with reduction in the amount of wakefulness. Stepholidine had no effect on either the amount of REM sleep. Because it maintains NREM sleep in mice, it is suggested that it has the potential to be also used in the treatment of insomnia. (Qiu et al. 2009) Figure 1 shows the dual action of Stepholidine. Dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) project to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The schizophrenia hypothesis suggests that D1 receptor dysfunction in the mPFC leads to the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and the D2 receptor hyperactivity in the sub-cortex nuclei leads to the positive symptoms of this disorder [1-4]. The D1 receptor agonist effect of SPD in the mPFC is suggested to ameliorate the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, whereas the D2 receptor antagonist effect of SPD that predominates in the sub-cortex would improve the positive symptoms The Stanley Medical Research Institute (SMRI) awarded a grant of Canadian $330,000 to Dr. Shitji Kapur and Dr. David Mamo in 2006 to study L-Stepholidine. The work they would do would be built up from previous knowledge of the drug already known. They conducted preclinical studies in rats and it showed to be a very promising compound. The goal then was to give it to humans and measure its D2 binding in an attempt at showing it indeed is a D2 drug in vivo using PET, and also estimate its expected therapeutic dose for future clinical studies. Having had several correspondences Dr Mamo, he has informed me that the main company in China had stopped the production of Stepholidine and for ensuring that the compound is pure without any contaminants and to assure the local regulatory authority the research was a safe study, they decided not to use stepholidine from China. Dr Kapur and Dr Mamo then collaborated with a chemist to synthesize stepholidine in a lab. Synthesis was fine, but the pr oblem was that they couldnt scale up the production to gram scale. A chemist had told him with further work, production was possible, but the SMRI was not willing to wait for this. The funding had to be given up but not for the reason that the drug wasnt showing promise. Another drawback in stepholidine is its bioavailability. Drugs given orally, acting on the central nervous system, should have good bioavailability and good blood brain barrier penetration. In rat based assays, it was seen that stepholidine, when administered orally, was poorly available to systemic circulation but could cross the blood brain barrier easily, resulting in good entry into the brain. Stepholidine was also found to have good permeability of the membrane that was not affected by efflux transporters such as P-gp or MRP2. Stepholidine which was absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract was also rapidly eliminated by glucuronidation of phenolic hydroxyl group, and less by sulphation, methylation, demethylation and /or N-oxidation. This poor bioavailability achieved by stepholidine could be due to the extensive pre systemic metabolism. A way to overcome this would be to develop pro-drugs, which would be chemically modified versions of stepholidine which will undergo enzymatic or chemical transformation for the active drug to be released. Example of this might be to modify the hydroxyl groups of stepholidine. (Sun et al. 2009) Due to its poor bioavailability, there has been significant development in recently towards the modification of stepholidine by development of series of derivatives. One derivative that has improved bioavailability while maintain the pharmacological properties of stepholidine, is bi-acetylated l-stepholidine. In recent times, although there has been an increase in material prosperity and growing success of traditional western medication, there has been an overall increase in psychotic disorders especially schizophrenia. Psychiatric patients not only want their symptoms to disappear, they also want to continue to lead a normal life without all their troubles. Psychiatric patients have better resources for the treatment now than ever before, but due to frequent disappointments in western medication especially due to its side effects; there has been increased growth of alternative and complementary methods in the treatment of patients. Sometimes patients also seek help from spell breakers, exorcists and herbalists. In recent times, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO) approximately 80% of people in the world have relied on herbs in satisfying their medical care needs, and developed countries such as Germany, Italy and even the USA have shown a dramatic increase in herbal medicine consumption. Stepholidine had led the way in recent drug discovery with it being both a D1 receptor agonist and D2 receptor antagonist activity. This is a unique pharmacological characteristic of DH-THPBs (dihydro) and will be vital in the future when developing new antipsychotic drugs. More so, another DH-THPB, 12-chloroscoulerine has been found to have more potent dual action than stepholidine. In this project, I will analyse research done with stepholidine in regards to it being a therapeutic tool in the treatment of schizophrenia. Word count 2,992