Purchasing Power Parity

Purchasing Power Parity Ever wondered why the value of 1 American dollar is different from 1 Euro? The economic theory of  purchasing power parity (PPP) will help you understand why different currencies have different purchasing powers and how exchange rates are set.   What Purchasing Power Parity Is The Dictionary of Economics  defines purchasing power parity  (PPP) as a theory which states that the exchange rate between one currency and another is in equilibrium when their domestic purchasing powers at that rate of exchange are equivalent. Example of 1 for 1 Exchange Rate How does inflation in 2 countries affect the exchange rates between the 2  countries? Using this definition of purchasing power parity, we can show the link between inflation and exchange rates. To illustrate the link, lets imagine 2 fictional countries: Mikeland and Coffeeville. Suppose that on January 1st, 2004, the prices for every good in each country is identical. Thus, a football that costs 20 Mikeland Dollars in Mikeland costs 20 Coffeeville Pesos in Coffeeville. If purchasing  power parity holds, then 1 Mikeland Dollar must be worth 1 Coffeeville Peso. Otherwise, there is the chance of making a risk-free profit by buying footballs in one market and selling in the other. So here PPP requires a 1 for 1 exchange rate. Example of Different Exchange Rates Now lets suppose Coffeyville has a 50% inflation rate whereas Mikeland has no inflation whatsoever. If the inflation in Coffeeville impacts every good equally, then the price of footballs in Coffeeville will be 30 Coffeeville Pesos on January 1, 2005. Since there is zero inflation in Mikeland, the price of footballs will still be 20 Mikeland Dollars on Jan 1, 2005. If purchasing power parity holds and one cannot make money from buying footballs in one country and selling them in the other, then 30 Coffeeville Pesos must now be worth 20 Mikeland Dollars. If 30 Pesos 20 Dollars, then 1.5 Pesos must equal 1 Dollar. Thus the Peso-to-Dollar exchange rate is 1.5, meaning that it costs 1.5 Coffeeville Pesos to purchase 1 Mikeland Dollar on foreign exchange markets. Rates of Inflation and Currency Value If 2 countries have different rates of inflation, then the relative prices of goods in the 2 countries, such as footballs, will change. The relative price of goods is linked to the exchange rate through the theory of purchasing  power parity. As illustrated,  PPP tells us that if a country has a relatively high inflation rate, then the value of its currency should decline.

Conjugating the French Verb Déménager (to Move House)

Conjugating the French Verb Dà ©mà ©nager (to Move House) In French, the noun  nouvelle maison  means new house. When moving to that new house, the verb   dà ©mà ©nager  is used. Literally to move, this verb must be conjugated when using it in the past, present, or future tense.   Conjugating the French Verb  Dà ©mà ©nager Dà ©mà ©nager  is a  spelling change verb  and that makes it a bit of a challenge to conjugate. It follows a pattern found in other verbs that end in -ger  such as  bouger  (to move). As you will see, in some conjugations an E is added after the G. This is to retain the soft G sound before an ending that begins with an A or O. Other than that, conjugating  dà ©mà ©nager  is relatively simple. To transform it, pair the subject pronoun with the appropriate tense. For instance, I move is je dà ©mà ©nage and we will move is nous dà ©mà ©nagerons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je dmnage dmnagerai dmnageais tu dmnages dmnageras dmnageais il dmnage dmnagera dmnageait nous dmnageons dmnagerons dmnagions vous dmnagez dmnagerez dmnagiez ils dmnagent dmnageront dmnageaient The Present Participle of  Dà ©mà ©nager The  present participle  of  dà ©mà ©nager  is  dà ©mà ©nageant.  It is not just a verb, but can also act as an adjective, gerund, or noun in some circumstances. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © Beyond the imperfect, the  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is another common way to express the past tense in French. To form this, begin by conjugating the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to the subject pronoun. Then, add the  past participle  dà ©mà ©nagà ©. For instance, I moved is jai dà ©mà ©nagà © and we moved is nous avons dà ©mà ©nagà ©. More Simple  Dà ©mà ©nager  Conjugations to Know The most important conjugations to study are those above. There are also times when you will need to know a few more simple forms of  dà ©mà ©nager. For instance, if the action of moving is somehow questionable, you might employ either the subjunctive or the conditional verb moods. In rare instances and most often in writing, you may also encounter the passà © simple or the imperfect subjunctive. While not vital to most students French studies, its a good idea to be able to recognize these. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je dmnage dmnagerais dmnageai dmnageasse tu dmnages dmnagerais dmnageas dmnageasses il dmnage dmnagerait dmnagea dmnaget nous dmnagions dmnagerions dmnagemes dmnageassions vous dmnagiez dmnageriez dmnagetes dmnageassiez ils dmnagent dmnageraient dmnagrent dmnageassent In the imperative verb form,  dà ©mà ©nager  can be used in short and often assertive commands or requests. When using it, skip the subject pronoun: use  dà ©mà ©nage rather than tu dà ©mà ©nage. Imperative (tu) dmnage (nous) dmnageons (vous) dmnagez

Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity Essays

Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity Essays Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity Paper Nature, Nurture, and Human Diversity Paper What makes you, you? Is who we are the result of our genes (nature) or is it the result of our upbringing (nurture)? Nature: the result of our genes Nurture: everything else other than genes, the culture you were brought up in, the country and family you were brought up In, the school you went to There Is an interaction between nature and nurture II. The Nature Component A. Genes: Our biological blueprint Our body is made up of millions of cells, in every cell, except egg and sperm, we have 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs We have thousands of genes, which are considered to be he basic unit of heredity Genes are segments of DNA that carry the Instruction that give an organism its traits or characteristics Different size of animals and people depends on a single gene (chromosome 1 5) Sometimes multiple genes (gene complexes) are responsible for something such as obesity Genes are made up of nucleotides There are four nucleotides: Adenine, Guanine, Thymine, Cytosine They always come in pairs, A with T and G with C The sequence determine what a gene will do and what It will not do Changing Just one letter In a sequence changes what the gene does Common analogy: chromosomes are like books, genes are the words in a book, and nucleotides are the letters in a book Human genome: we have roughly 30 thousand genes in our DNA They discovered based on the mapping of the human genome that every human on earth Is 99. 99% genetically similar to every other human being on earth Repartition of thee. 01% difference: 5% deference among races, 95% differences within a race Nature genetics, 2004: race does NOT exist biologically; there Is no white, black, Arab, Asian race, and it is just a social concept We share: 95-98% of our DNA with chimps, 0% of our DNA with mice, 50% of our DNA with bananas, 44% of our DNA with fruit flies B. Evolutionary Psychology Bal . What is Evolutionary Psychology (PEP)? Newest perspective in psychology, heavily influenced by Darnings principals of the Theory of Evolution According to Darwin, the mall goal Is to survive and to transmit (natural selection); many organisms die out due to survival of the fittest Survival of the Fittest: when there is a match between characteristics of organism and demands of the environment Evolutionary psychologists took the theories of Darwin to explain unman behavior; they study behaviors that are universal and common to all human beings; they study adaptive behaviors (adaptation is essential for survival) Any behaviors, traits, or emotions that our ancestors had are what we see in humans today We are in the post-antibiotic era, bacteria are smart 82. Application of PEP to Sexuality Surveys: men think more about sex, masturbate more, want sex more than women, are more likely to interpret friendliness as a come-on, and are more likely to make sacrifices for sex Clark and Hatfield (1978): recruited average-looking men and women o go around campus saying: Hey, Ive noticed you around campus, want to go to bed tonight? Different attitudes about sex: majority of women were offended, majority of men would say yes or why wait till tonight? According to PEP: both men and women have the same goal, but have different strategies to achieve the goal due to physiological differences It takes women 9 months to produce a baby, so relational sex enhances survival; it doesnt take men long to plant their seeds, so recreational sex is best strategy 83. Retinue of PEP Professors Critique: this is offensive because most men, like most women, want to be n healthy relationships There are at least 18 societies today that encourage women to have multiple partners because they believe that a child can have multiple fathers (women in these societies are less likely to have a miscarriage, women with multiple partners were more likely to have children that made it to age of 15 years) How evolutionary psychologists explain gender differences in sexuality: Peps theorize that women have inherited their ancestors tendencies to be more sexually cautious because of the challenges associated with incubating and nurturing offspring, whereas men inherited an inclination to be more casual about sex because their act of fathering requires a smaller investment Three main criticisms of the evolutionary explanation of human sexuality: (1) it starts with an effect and works backward to propose an explanation, (2) unethical and immoral men could use such explanations to rationalize their behavior toward women (3) this explanation may overlook the effects of cultural expectations and colonization C. Behavior Genetics CLC . Introduction Behavior genetics: a field of study where the main goal and purpose is to determine he extent to which differences between individuals are due to genetics; Bags are interested in INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Why we differ and how genes affected this: see below Q. -ret studies Minimization (Identical) Twins: one sperm fertilizes one egg and then the egg splits, always the same gender, and 100% genetically similar Dogmatic (Fraternal) Twins: two different eggs fertilized by two different sperms, can be same or opposite sex, 50% identical twins should be more similar on this trait than fraternal twins 1 identical twin has Alchemists, other twin has 60% chance fraternal twin has Alchemists, other twin has 30% chance 1 identical twin divorces, other has 5. 5% chance 1 fraternal twin divorces, other has 1. % chance studies find that identical twins are more similar than fraternal twins in extroversion (outgoingness) and neurotics (emotional instability) MAKE LIST OF GENETIC COMPONEN TS AND OTHER COMPONENTS Genetic components: extroversion, neurotics, agreeableness, personality traits, temperament (emotional excitability) Other components: attitudes, values, manners, faith, politics Criticism: these twins have similar environments, they come into this oral at the same time, are exposed to the same things, same home, same school, maybe this is why they are similar Solution: started studying twins who were separated and reared apart; identical twins who are reared apart are more similar than fraternal twins who are reared apart Boucher et Al. : studied over 100 twins, results indicate that for certain traits there is a genetic component Conclusion: identical twins reared together are more similar to each other than identical twins reared apart; identical twins are more similar to each other (reared together or apart) than fraternal twins (reared together or apart) CO. Adoption Studies Rationale: we have one adopted child with two sets of parents biological and ad optive parents Clear evidence to indicate that adopted children, when it comes to personality, are more similar to their biological parents, even if they have never met them, than they are to their adoptive parents (personality has a strong biological component) CREATE TWO COLUMNS: BIOLOGICAL PARENTS VS ADOPTIVE PARENTS faith, politics CO. Family Studies Rationale: family members are more genetically similar to each other than strangers, if a trait has a genetic component to it then family members should be more similar n that trait than strangers are Within a family we have different degrees of genetics, therefore if a trait has a genetic component to it, then family members who are ore similar to each other genetically should be more like each other then family members who are less genetically similar to each other Regular siblings: 50% Parents and children: 50% Grandparents and grandchildren: 25% 1st cousins: 12. 5% CO. Temperament Studies Definition: a temperament is your typical emotional reactivity (the way you respond to life) and the typical intensity of that response. Do you respond with fear and anxiety? Or are you excited and bold? Or are you shy? Temperament is a component of personality, has a genetic component Babies come to this world equipped with a temper; four different types of temperaments: Easy babies (40%): positive emotions, Slow-to-warm babies (1 5%): shy, guarded in their expression, takes the awhile to adapt to new environments and strangers Difficult babies (10%): strong emotional reactions, fussy, cry a lot, patterns are unpredictable and irregular, not easy to soothe Physiological studies show that difficult babies have a more erred up/aroused nervous system Combination babies (35%): sometimes easy, sometimes difficult, moieties shy, sometimes bold Twin studies indicate that identical twins are more similar in their temperament than fraternal twins Temperament seems to endure, and stay stable throughout time Through nurture we can modify and reshape temperament; parenting does make a difference CO. Heritability Definition: the percentage of variation within a given population that is due to heredity (the degree to which differences between/amongst individuals are due to genetics) h2o = heritability coefficient (heritability can be quantified by a heritability coefficient) h2o = Variances / (Variances + Overcompensation) 2 varies between O and 1 If h2o = 0. 0 no genetic influence If h2o = 1. 0 all variance is due to genetic influence If h2o = 0. 4 40% genes (60% environment) if h2o = 0. 6 60% genes (40% environment) Points to know and remember about heritability: Sometimes for the same trait, different studies come up with a different h2o (due to environment) When environment is similar, h2o will be higher When environment is different, h2o will be lower Just because individual differences are heritable, it does NOT necessarily mean that differences between races, gender, generations are heritable CO. Nature and Nurture Interaction Just because you have inherited a gene does not mean that this gene is going to affect you, this gene may remain dormant for the rest of your life, genes MAY need the environment to turn them on, this is not always the case Self-regulating: the same gene will act differently in a different environment Both male and female rats have a gene that makes them very nurturing and loving towards baby rats, however this does not turn on till they can hear, see, and smell the baby rat We dont Just transmit genes to our offspring, we transmit the pattern of activation as well The environment is one of the most important factors influencing gene Genome Pigment: tells a genome to activate/turn on/turn off Methyl groups: chemicals that, when present, inactivate/silence a gene Acetate groups: tell the gene to turn on, express itself Epigenetic (simplified definition): study the factors that influence/affect gene expression with affecting DNA Epigenetic studies the mol ecular mechanisms by which environments trigger genetic expression; study of environmental factors that affect how our genes are expressed (life experiences beginning in the womb lay own epigenetic marks, organic methyl molecules, that can block the expression of any gene in the associated DNA segment) D. Behavior Genetics Definition: a field of research where scientists are trying to identify the genes to heart disease and everyone has heart disease except for a few people, study one person who has it and one person who doesnt; find the gene that varies and youll know which gene is responsible for high cholesterol and heart disease. Relevance to psychology: we study both mental illness and mental health and part of helping people become healthy is knowing which genes we need to fix; intervention, revelation, therapy. Promises and dangers: dangers if employers can tell that you have heart disease or something they may fire you, if parents can tell their baby is going to have a problem they may abort it; promises they can go into the chromosome and snip the gene that is problematic. Midterm Question Use one of the principles of evolutionary psychology to answer the following question: Each one of us has 4 grandparents. Using the principles of evolutionary psychology which one of those grandparents is going to spend the most time, money, energy and resources on you. Ill. The Nature Component A. Prenatal Development The baby in the womb is very well protected, however this protection is not 100%, the baby remains vulnerable in the womb because lots of germs and infections can pass through the placenta; this baby can be harmed due to mothers environment (living near a nuclear plant) or mothers diet (the food she is eating). Even though twins, identical and fraternal, share the same womb, they may not be sharing the same environment. Example: one twin may be getting the better nutrition, better protection from viruses, better blood and oxygen supply. Fraternal twins have different lactates, identical twins can have the same or different placentas; identical twins with different placentas are less similar to each other than identical twins who share the same placenta. Marked for life (? ): what happens in the womb can influence and effect our life later on; cancer, blood pressure and heart diseases all could have been rooted in nutrition of the mother when she was pregnant. Two twins in the womb touch each other and are aware of each others presence, this brings up the question of when does awareness begin? B. Experience and Brain Development Bal . Experience Facilitates Brain Development Nurture is essential and vital for proper brain development They need stimulation, proper nurture, to hear sounds and feel touch for proper brain development 82. Experience Changes the Brain For the longest time researchers believed that when the brain reaches maturity it will stay the same until it gets hit by diseases and begins to deteriorate However, we learned that even after the brain reaches maturity it continues to change through experience; learning new skills could cause your brain to change for the better: if you start taking new drugs and are always stressed that will change the brain for the ores They took a bunch of rats and treated them the same until they were 70, then they divided them into two groups: poor rats and rich rats; the poor rats were stuck in a cage and Just given food and water, the rich rats were given food, water, big cages, freedom to interact with each other, new toys to explore all the time; at 90 they killed the rats and studied the brains, realizing the rich rats brains developed more. C. How Much Credit or Blame do Parents Deserve? Abusive, neglected children who become neglectful, etc. In personality mea sures, shared environmental influences from the womb onward typically account for less Han 10% of childrens differences; two children are (apart from their shared genes) as different as two random children. Parents should be given less credit for kids who turn out great and blamed less for kids who dont; children are not easily sculpted by parental nurture. D. Peer Influence Definition: individuals who are the same age or have the same level of maturity as us It is clear to researchers that peers are important to ones life (peers go all the way back to infancy) If one does not have peers, they create imaginary ones because peers are needed Children who are bullied or rejected by their peers end up being pressed and may kill themselves in the future As we age we interact with peers more and more; growing interaction with friends leads to growing influence by peers such as music taste, the way you dress Peers and risk-taking behavior: children and young teenagers are more likely to have risk-taking behavior when their peers also take risks or if they think their peers are taking risks; is it selection of friends? Parents also influence us Lifestyle choices: your parents choose what neighborhood you live in, what school they put you in The quality of parent-child interaction influences and effects the laity of peer-child interaction; for example, boys who bully others are more likely to have parents who are aggressive and dominate them, boys who get bullied are more likely to have parents who are overbearing and protective of them Advice: you are affected by the advice parents give you about relationships, life, or anything else Bottom line: parents and peers both influence you by distinct and complementary MAKE A CHART: PARENTS INFLUENCE VS PEER INFLUENCE E. Culture Definition: the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next Norm: an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior; norms prescribe proper behavior When we dont understand whats accepted or expected, we may experience culture shock; two great culture shocks are the differing pace of life and peoples differing senses of punctuality Cultures vary and compete for resources, and thus evolve over time; many changes have occurred since 1960 There have been positive changes (middle-class people travel more, eat out more, women have economic independence) and negative changes (increase in divorce, depression, and work hours); we cannot explain these rapid culture changes by changes in the unman gene pool; cultures vary, change, and shape our lives Individualism: giving priority to ones own goals over group goals and defining ones identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications; behavior reflects ones personality and attitudes, confrontation acceptable Collectivism: giving priority to the goals of ones group (often ones extended family or work group) and defining ones identity accordingly; behavior reflects social norms and roles, harmony valued V. The Nature and Nurture of Gender (Not on first midterm, but definitely on final exam) Men Women Tend to feel better about their appearance Four times more likely to commit suicide or suffer alcohol dependence More often diagnosed with color-blindness, autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (as children), and antisocial personality disorder (as adults) In surveys, men admit to more (direct, physical) aggression than do women Male-to-female arrest ratio for murder is 9 to 1 in the United States and 8 to 1 in Canada Express more support for war (hunting, fighting, and warring are primarily mens activities) Perceived as being more dominant, forceful, and independent (place more importance on power and achievement) Tend to be more direct, even autocratic Talk assertively, interrupt, initiate touches, stare more, smile less, apologize less Boys typically play in large groups with an activity focus and little intimate discussion Male answer syndrome: men are more likely than women to hazard answers rather than admit they dont know Part of the parietal cortex (key area for space perception) is thicker in men Tend to f eel better about their behavior and ethics The average woman enters puberty two years earlier, lives five years longer, carries 70 percent more fat, has 40 percent less muscle, and is 5 inches shorter Can become sexually re-aroused immediately after orgasm Smell fainter odors Express emotions more freely Offered help more often Doubly vulnerable to depression and anxiety, risk of developing eating disorders is 10 times greater Women are perceived as being more deferential, nurture, and affiliated Tend to be more democratic, more welcoming of subordinates input in decision making Girls usually play in smaller groups, often with one friend (play is less competitive than boys and more imitative of social relationships) Females are more open and responsive to feedback than are males Females are more interdependent than males Women are more likely to tend and befriend (are more open with each other, desire intimacy) Parts of the frontal lobe (involved in verbal fluency) are reportedly thicker in women Gender similarities and differences 2 of the 46 chromosomes are sex chromosomes; these sex chromosomes determine whether a baby is genetically male or female The major sex chromosomes are X and Y; mother always contributes an X, father can contribute an X or Y (i f he contributes a Y the baby is male, X the baby is female) If the baby only ends up with one chromosome and it is an X the baby can survive but will have trouble later in life; if the baby only ends up with a Y it cannot survive and is terminated immediately in the mob There is a gene on chromosome Y called UDF that kicks in at 7 months in the womb, forming testes and testosterone (for female babies the absence of testosterone leads to the development of female body parts) Hormones influence and Female rats or monkeys: if injected with testosterone when they are pregnant the female babies behave like the males of the species, going after women and being more aggressive Human cases: the girls are more tomboyish, they dont like Jewelry and dolls, they like guns and like to play war; the bodies of men who are genetically male produce testosterone but their cells dont respond to testosterone, so their dies dont develop male genitalia and they become more like girls Normal hormone leve ls = average women Higher levels of progesterone = more feminine Higher levels of testosterone = more masculine The role of culture and society Parents describe their baby girl as being delicate, little, sweet; they describe baby boys as being firm, strong, and well-coordinated Medically, there are not differences in strength, alertness, and coordination between baby boys and girls Study: a baby boy was dressed in pink (parents held the baby for a long time, walked and rocked the baby, gave the baby teddy bears and bunnies to play with, cooed the baby) then he baby was dressed in blue (parents gave the baby a truck and hammer to play with, held the baby for a bit, then put him on the floor and encouraged him to start to crawl). Gender identity: a strong sense of being male or female Gender roles: expectations from society linked and associated with being a male or female; these gender roles vary from one culture to the next Gender typed: adopting a traditional masculine role or a traditional feminine roll There are many theories in psychology attempting to explain gender Social learning theory: we learn about a gender through observation, we learn through modeling, we have a role model and e imitate that role model, we learn through observation, modeling, rewarding and punishing Gender schema theory: they do accept what social learning theory is, saying yes there is observation, modeling, rewarding and punishing, but they take it several steps further; children are not learning passively, rather they are actively taking this information, drawing conclusions about this information, and they organize it into boys, girls, men, and women; those schemes become a rule in their life.

A Company That Has Had a Lawsuit in the Last 10 Years Research Paper

A Company That Has Had a Lawsuit in the Last 10 Years - Research Paper Example The paper chronologically accounts for the case how it started, got to be developed and concluded in a court of law. In the determination of the ruling, this paper has considered that basics that were used by the court of law to determine this case. In relation to this, the paper also gives accounts of the changes that has characterized the company following the law suit, the agencies charged with giving certificate of operation for drug companies as well as the recommendation to the companies in similar products based on the suit. Mylan Company is one of the world’s biggest and leading generics and pharmaceutical companies. The company’s products are available in almost over 150 countries worldwide; Germany, New Zealand, Austria, Belgium, Zech Republic, Denmark, Finland, and France are among the countries where the company operates. In its production, the company relies on contemporary production mechanisms where drugs safety and hygienic processes are observed. Throug h this, the company is producing reliable pharmaceutical products for consumers (Ceder, 2011). The company employs about 18,000 employees in all the branches all over the world. Given the company’s growth and service to the consumers, it has realized tremendous success in the industry. In this regard, it supplies most of the pharmaceutical drugs including the antiretroviral for treatment of HIV/AIDS patients (Ceder, 2011). The company was started in 1961 and became a publicly traded company in 1973 (Ceder, 2011). In 2002, the company was involved in a legal issue with the one of its client who sustained a back pain while changing the tires of the vehicle and was administered a painkiller fentanyl. Fentanyl is an addictive narcotic that affects the nervous system. After two days, the patient died and the postmortem results indicated that a lethal dose of the drug, Fentanyl was found in his blood stream, this was in 2002. The family filed a lawsuit against Mylan of manufacturin g lethal products since the physiological effects of the drugs contradicted the recommendation given in the package. The plaintiff lawyer argued that a defect in the drug and the only thing that has not been ascertained is the type of defect that was in the drug. During the period of the suit, Mylan maintained that the products were not defective and that they complied with the food and drugs administration that inspects quality of the drugs (Sobel, 2012). Discuss the legal theories used by the plaintiff to recover in this lawsuit. How the lawsuit was resolved, and why you agree with the decision in the case. The plaintiff asserted during their argument that there was defect in the drug and that is the company’s responsibility to identify such mistakes and to address any defect before releasing the drugs into the market. Specifically, they asserted that the defect was occasioned by negligence of the company workers during manufacturing. That the company has the duty of care t o its customers and should ensure that their products in the market are suitable for use by the customers (Mickey, 2004). The plaintiff accused the company of not observing professional due diligence in drug manufacturing and that this was not followed, defective drugs found their way into the market and resulted in to the death of their own. The defective in the drug was in its physiological departure where it affected the functionality of the nervous system. In the decision that was reached by the court over the case is that the company was liable for the death and they had to compensate the family appropriately for contributing into the death of the family’s bread winner. The court found that the company

Michelengelo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Michelengelo - Essay Example He later shifted to sculptures after mastering painting. Michelangelo made many paintings while in Florence. His skill impressed the Pope and he got an invite to make a painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Church. Michelangelo was also an architect. He contributed his ideas to many architectural masterpieces that are in Italy today. His most celebrated contribution in the field of architecture is the St. Peters cathedral. He developed many principal features that can be seen at the cathedral including the design for the dome. Early works The earliest sculpture made by Michelangelo was the Battle of the Centaurs. He created the sculpture when he was about seventeen years old. This artwork is regarded highly due to its simplicity. He used solid forms that created squarish figures making the sculpture depict violence in an intense manner (Harden, 2008). The Medici family was overthrown following the death of Lorenzo in 1492. Michelangelo was forced to flee to Bologna where he continue d with his work. He made sculptures of three saints for the San Domenico church. Rome Michelangelo returned briefly to Florence before moving to Rome. In Rome he made a sculpture of a Bacchus for a banker. The Bacchus is the only large sculpture from the earlier days of Michelangelo’s art work that still survives to date. It is also the only sculpture designed to be viewed from all sides. The banker also paid Michelangelo to carve the Peita ( a carving in which Mary holds the dead body of Christ while on her knees) in 1498 (Pettit, 1998). The sculpture is presently located in St. Peters. The sculpture was larger than the usual life size sculptures. The theme of contrast was manifested a lot in the work. Mary’s position was vertical while the body of Christ lay horizontally. One person was alive while the other was dead. One was male and the other female. Florence In 1501 Michelangelo returned to Florence. By then, he was the most talented sculptor in Central Italy. The Florence cathedral commissioned him to carve the David. In 1504, he was commissioned to paint the Battle of Cascina. The painting depicted soldiers climbing from a river they had been swimming in to respond to a military distress call. Michelangelo continued to work on other large projects but he failed to finish most of them. In 1505, Michelangelo was summoned to Rome by Pope Julius II (1443–1513). He was requested to design the pope’s tomb. The tomb was to incorporate approximately 40 life size statues. Michelangelo worked on and off on the project for a period of forty years (Harden,2008). Statue of David This is the most acknowledged sculpture done by Michelangelo. When Michelangelo returned to Florence in 1501 after the fall of Girolamo Savonarola, he was asked to complete a statue of David that an earlier artist had left unfinished. The statue was to be a symbol of freedom. He responded by finishing the statue of David. This statue was a master work of art made of marble (Bonner, 2001). It established the prominence of Michelangelo as an artist with extraordinary skill and a creative imagination. Sistine Chapel The Sistine Chapel was the chief chapel in the Vatican. Michelangelo was commissioned by the Pope in 1508 to paint the ceiling of the Sistine chapel. The artwork done on this ceiling was unique compared to artwork done on other ceilings. The project halted for some months. When Michelangelo returned to continue with the project, his style shifted a bit to intensify emotional tension.

Applied Psychology - Mindfulness meditation as a treatment for Essay

Applied Psychology - Mindfulness meditation as a treatment for depression - Essay Example It is informative to note that Behaviour Therapy developed at a time when psychology regarded classical and operant conditioning as sufficient mechanisms in explaining human behaviour. Later when psychology took on board the mediation of thought and language (what went on inside the ‘black box’) as important in explaining human behaviour, Cognitive Therapy was born. CBT is approved by the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) in the UK. However, since no one therapy (including medication) has been proved to be universally beneficial for all patients, the field of counselling and therapy is replete with many alternatives such as psychoanalysis, Gestalt Therapy, and other humanistic therapies. These are not seen as ‘scientific’, objective, and amenable to quantitative research. Increasingly, with the passage of time, it appears that ‘mind’ a concept that had been totally alien to ‘scientific’, positivistic psychology, was beginning to be accepted, at least in the form of neural activity in the brain underpinning all mental schemata as the basis of behaviour. From here, it has been quite a jump to accept ‘mindfulness meditation’, borrowed from the Hindu and Buddhist traditions practised as a religious observance for more than 2500 years as a means of reaching enlightenment. So, Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), may be seen as an innovation in therapy through an attempt at a fusion between two widely divergent fields of human endeavour separated not only by time of origin but by distinctiveness of culture as well . Even so, over the last two decades MBCT appears to have proved efficacious in treating persistent or recurring depression in psychiatric patients (Teasdale et al 2000). Meditation in mindfulness is the cultivation of awareness of the activity of one’s consciousness from moment to moment. When one is able to accomplish this, it can stop one being trapped in constant ruminations and automatisms in

Shoplifting and customer satisfaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Shoplifting and customer satisfaction - Essay Example Shoplifting is a serious crime that affects all retail operations. It is directly responsible for the increase in the price of goods and indirectly affects customer services. Many methods exist to reduce shoplifting, both intrusive such as physical checks of packages on exit and unobtrusive means, such as electronic tagging and closed circuit cameras. The two basic approaches to reducing shoplifting directly affect the customer thereby causing a loss of customer satisfaction or attempt to prevent shoplifting through a systems approach to the problem wherein the fallout on the customer is minimized. The two papers selected for study analyze these issue The first is a paper by the 'A Small Business Development Centre' (ASBDC) which deals exclusively with reducing shop lifting on the shop floor. The second paper, by the American District Telegraph (ADT) Security Systems deals not only with losses that occur at the retail end of the business i.e. the shop floor, but also addresses other issues such as losses due employee theft and poor procedures, which also contribute to overall losses. All these measures are in the backdrop of ensuring that customer service should not be affected to such an extent as to affect the store's profitability. An interesting fact that emerges is that electronic tagging, the least intrusive measure, is the most effective method to reduce shoplifting losses. ... Most shoplifters are amateurs, out to make a quick buck and hence easy to detect and deter. In order to implement suitable deterrent measures, it is first necessary to understand the various types of people that go in for such crimes. Juvenile Offenders. Juveniles account for a majority of all shoplifting cases, usually as a dare or for cheap thrills. Young children feel that no one will suspect them, or if caught, will be let-off lightly on account of their youth. However, shoplifting is often the pre-cursor o other more serious forms of crime and hence should be dealt with strictly. Impulse Shoplifters. This is often the result of a momentary loss of judgement given a suitable opportunity, however fleeting. This is the easiest to deter through simple, low cost methods, since such shoplifters are basically decent people who did not have any pre-meditated intent to shoplift. Alcoholics, Addicts etc. Such types of people shoplift to meet their physical needs. These criminal types are possible more easier to detect, but are also more likely to turn violent if confronted and hence need to be tackled with the utmost caution. Kleptomaniacs. Such persons shoplift due to psychological reasons and can be quite devious. Often they may not even have any use for the item(s) being stolen since it is the act of stealing that satisfies them. Nevertheless, it still remains a crime and needs to be dealt with accordingly. Professionals. Usually highly skilled and difficult to spot, professionals generally look for lucrative items with re-sale value and quick turn-around. If belonging to any organized underworld groups, can be difficult to prosecute, and hence dissuasion through deterrence is